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Учебное пособие разработано на компетентностно-модульной основе с интеграцией существующих программ подготовки бакалавра на основе действующего Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования и документа «Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, обучение, оценка».

Компетентностный подход в языковом образовании опирается на коммуникативный и личностно-ориентированный подходы. Конечным результатом образовательного процесса в рамках компетентностного подхода является развитие иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студента и всех входящих в нее субкомпетенций, модуль является средством организации учебного процесса. Это позволяет сделать процесс обучения индивидуализированным, доступным и ясным.

Материал пособия отражает темы, изучаемые в курсе практической грамматики английского языка в III–IV семестрах бакалавриата по направлению Лингвистика. Изучение практической грамматики в III–IV семестрах охватывает продвинутый этап развития иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности, соотносящийся с уровнем В2 «Общеевропейских компетенций…». На этом этапе формируются основные навыки, обеспечивающие языковую и коммуникативную подготовку лингвиста.

К концу четвертого семестра обучения на продвинутом уровне студент должен:

– грамотно употреблять в устной и письменной речи определенное количество стандартных конструкций, связанных с более или менее предсказуемыми ситуациями;

– уметь различать стилистические и прагматические особенности ситуации и производить выбор изученной грамматической структуры;

– уметь передать оттенки значения разными синонимичными грамматическими средствами;

– уметь анализировать функциональные особенности каждой грамматической структуры и давать правильный перевод с/на русский язык;

– переводить с русского языка на английский и с английского на русский сложные ситуации, содержащие несколько коммуникативных линий в рамках изученной тематики, а также тексты, принадлежащие к различным сферам деятельности: общественно-политической, деловой, спортивной, культурной, образовательной, и т. д.;

– спонтанно переводить с русского языка на английский ситуации, содержащие пройденный лексический и грамматический материал [Формирование иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности лингвиста-переводчика на основе проектов ФГОС ВПО третьего поколения и общеевропейских стандартов языкового образования, 2010].

Коммуникативная компетенция после овладения продвинутым уровнем включает в себя определенный набор знаний, умений и навыков.

Знания:

– понятийного аппарата практической грамматики;

– основных грамматических явлений и закономерностей функционирования изучаемого языка;

– особенностей официального, нейтрального и неофициального регистров общения.

Умения:

– проводить сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ лингвистического материала;

– употреблять определённые грамматические структуры в зависимости от ситуации общения и цели высказывания;

– владеть основными способами выражения коммуникативной и структурной связи между композиционными элементами текста;

– дифференцировать модели и структуры, характерные для разных стилей языка, устной и письменной речи;

– осуществлять сопоставительный анализ языка источника и языка-перевода, учитывать расхождения в грамматическом аспекте;

– создавать развернутые логично построенные тексты.

Навыки:

– грамотно использовать устную и письменную речь;

– использовать дискурсивные способы реализации коммуникативных целей высказывания;

– определять значение и функции языковых явлений в тексте;

– анализировать простое предложение в составе оригинальных текстов, выявлять типы связи;

– переводить с русского на английский и с английского на русский язык предложения и тексты, содержащие пройденный грамматический материал.

Module 1. The infinitive

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Verb forms fall into two classes: finites and non-finites, the latter are also called verbals, verbids. There are four non-finite forms of the verb in the English language: the Infinitive, the Present Participle (Participle I), the Past Participle (Participle II), and the Gerund.

Non-finite forms of the verb have double nature, they possess the characteristics of the verb together with the characteristics of other parts of speech. They have some verbal categories: voice, aspect, and temporal correlation; but they lack the categories of person, number, mood, and tense [Кобрина,Корнеева, 2009].

The verbal nature of non-finite forms is also revealed in combinability. Similar to finite verbs they may take direct, indirect, and prepositional objects, adverbial modifiers, and subordinate clauses.

Verbals cannot be a predicate in the sentence but they can be used as part of a compound predicate. They may form predicative constructions which consist of two elements: a noun or a pronoun and a verbal. They are in predicative relation that resembles the relation of the subject and the predicate.

I would like you to play with the child.

I saw him cross the street.

Father had his car repaired yesterday.

The non-verbal nature of non-finites may be seen in their syntactical functions. The Infinitive and the Gerund perform the syntactical functions of subject, object and predicative that are similar to the syntactical functions of the noun. Participle I may function as part of a compound nominal predicate (predicative), attribute, and adverbial modifier; Participle II may function as attribute and predicative.

THE INFINITIVE

The Infinitive is the form of the verb which expresses a process in general, and is known as the initial form of the verb.

The Infinitive may be used with the particle to. Sometimes the particle is separated from the Infinitive by other words, e.g. an adverb (split Infinitive).

This separation is usually used for the purpose of emphasis.

You have to really watch him.

Historically, the Infinitive is a verbal noun. That is why it combines the features of the verb with those of the noun.

The verbal features of the Infinitive are manifested in its morphological and syntactical characteristics.

1. It possesses the grammatical categories of voice, aspect and temporal correlation.

It was too dark to read the map and we took the wrong turning.

You’re not supposed to be reading this.

Fleming, Tolkien and CS Lewis are the authors that British people most claim – falsely – to have read.

This is a book to be read by everybody taking this course!

Why do some new messages appear to have been read when I haven’t opened them yet?

She was seen to have been reading the new book in the garden.

2. The Infinitive possesses the verb combinability:

a) The Infinitive of transitive (переходные) verbs takes a direct object.

Alex may send (transitive verb) a postcard (direct object) from Argentina.

3. The Infinitive can be modified by adverbials.

She agreed to leave the room quickly and quietly.

The nominal character of the Infinitive is manifested in its syntactical functions.

To drive fast in such weather is pretty dangerous (subject).

Their duty will be to look after the children (predicative).

I asked her to explain everything (object).

I have no desire to go there (attribute).

The grammatical categories of the infinitive

The Infinitive possesses verbal categories: temporal correlation, aspect, and voice (for transitive forms) (as shown in the table below) [Тивьяева, 2007].

FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE

As for temporal correlation, the forms of the Infinitive show whether the action is simultaneous to the action expressed by the finite verb, or prior to it.

1. The Non-Perfect (Indefinite, Simple) Infinitive denotes an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.

Jeremy likes to write letters.

Jeremy liked to write letters.

Jeremy will like to write letters.

2. The Continuous Infinitive expresses an action in progress or happening over a period of time and simultaneous with that of the finite verb. The Continuous Infinitive is both a temporal and aspect form, becauseit expresses how an action, denoted by the Infinitive, extends over time.

You must be joking.

I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.

3. The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.

Lucy was known to have left the day before.

I am happy to have finished school.

If you had run faster you would have won the race.

4. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action in progress or happening over a period of time which is prior to that of the finite verb. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is both a temporal and aspect form,because it expresses how an action, denoted by the Infinitive, extends over time.

I’m glad to have been living in Barcelona for the last ten years.

But for the fog the travellers would have been wandering in the forest for a long time.

The Infinitive of transitive verbs possesses voice distinctions and has the forms of the Active and Passive Voice.

Please remember to bring a mat and a towel with you to the next aerobics class (Indefinite Active).

He happened to be brought up in a very rich family (Indefinite Passive). President Trump is very proud to have brought the subject of illegal immigration back into the discussion (Perfect Active).

Tomatoes are known to have been brought to Europe in the XVI^th century (Perfect Passive).

The active form of the Infinitive shows that the subject of the sentence, the person or thing characterised by the Infinitive, or the person or thing expressed in the Infinitive predicative construction is the doer of the action denoted by the Infinitive.

The passive form of the Infinitive shows that the subject of the sentence, the person or thing characterized by the Infinitive, or the person or thing expressed in the Infinitive predicative construction is affected by the action denoted by the Infinitive [Шрамко, Степанова, Кожемяка, 2008].

The use of the infinitive without the particle to (the bare infinitive)

The Infinitive is used without the particle to in the following cases:

1. After auxiliary verbs.

Do you like music?

Seldom do we witness such catastrophes.

Does anyone know where I left my diary?

2. After modal verbs (except ought to) and modal expressions had better, would rather, would sooner.

You must use some verbs more than once.

We’d better not borrow Diane’s books without asking her.

She’d sooner die than give up.

3. After verbs of sense perception (see, notice, watch, observe, hear, feel, smell, etc.) as a part of the Objective Infinitive Construction.

I watched him arrive.

We noticed her run away from the building.

Note, that in passive sentences with these verbs a to-Infinitive is used.

He was watched to arrive.

He was noticed to run away from the house.

4. After verbs of inducement (let, make, have) as a part of the Objective Infinitive Construction.

I made Peter wait outside.

John lets the dog sleep on the sofa.

But! Peter was made to wait outside.

5. After phrases with but (cannot but, anything but, nothing but).

I could not but congratulate him.

She can do everything but cook.

6. In why-sentences, both affirmative and negative, where it expresses a suggestion.

Why not take advantage of the situation?

Why go there so late?

Why make so much noise?

7. In cases when two Infinitives are joined by ‘and’ or ‘or’, bare Infinitive can be used.

I want to go out and have fun and relax.

Syntactical functions of the infinitive

The Infinitive may be used in a number of syntactical functions in which it may stand alone, form an Infinitive phrase or a predicative construction.

1. Subject

Non-perfect active forms are more widely used in this function.

To speak foreign languages well is an advantage.

To have got the job in the face of such stiff competition was a great achievement.

The subject expressed by the Infinitive may be introduced by the so-called introductory it, which stands at the beginning of the sentence.

It is sometimes difficult to accept the truth.

It may be advisable to consult a specialist.

The Infinitive is a part of a complex subject as a part of the Subjective Infinitive Construction.

He was seen toenter the room.

1. Part of the predicate

The Infinitive is used in predicates of several types, both nominal and verbal.

a) Predicative (part of a compound nominal predicate)

My dream is to travel around the world.

Sometimes doing the right thing is to do nothing at all.

b) Secondary predicative (part of a predicative)

She is easy to deal with.

He is nice to talk to.

The house is comfortable to live in.

In this function the action expressed by the Infinitive is aimed at the subject.

c) Part of a compound verbal predicate

The Infinitive is used in a compound verbal modal predicate after modal verbs, modal expressions, and verbs with modal meaning.

Do you really have to leave so early?

I am willing to go to the theatre with you.

Jane likes to fish.

The Infinitive serves as a part of a compound verbal aspect predicate after verbs denoting beginning, continuation, repetition or cessation of the action. These verbs are to begin, to come, to start, to continue, to go on, etc.

Schoolchildren begin to study at half past eight.

We used to go swimming every evening when in Nice.

At the next lesson the teacher went on to explain the functions of the Infinitive.

The above mentioned verbs can also be used with a Gerund, although with a certain difference in meaning.

For example, the verb to stop + Gerund means to finish an action, to interrupt, as for to stop + Infinitive, it means to make a pause in order to do something. That is why the Infinitive after the verb to stop is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.

He stopped smoking for health reasons.

He stopped to rest for a few minutes

Go on + Gerund means to continue with the action. Go on + Infinitive means to do the next action, or change the activity.

He went on speaking for two hours.

After her early teaching career she went on to become a doctor.

3. Object

Most commonly used verbs followed by the Infinitive are the following: afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, bother, care, claim, consent, decide, demand, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, propose, refuse, resolve, seek, strive, swear, threaten, trouble, undertake, volunteer, vow.

The Infinitive may also be used as an object after an adjective. The most commonly occurring of them are: amazed, delighted, lucky, relieved, afraid, disappointed, sad, anxious, determined, shocked, ashamed, eager, pleased, astonished, fortunate, prepared, surprised, careful, glad, proud, sorry, certain, happy, ready, upset, content, hesitant, reluctant, willing, pleased, interested, etc.

Note: Sometimes the introductory object it is used.

He found it difficult to spot her in the crowd.

4. Attribute

The Infinitive in this function may modify nouns, substantivized adjectives, pronouns, numerals.

This is much to ask.

England, once «the workshop of the world», was the first to become a highly developed industrial country.

Hope is the last to die.

When we go out, he’s always the one to pay.

5. Adverbial modifier

The Infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of purpose, subsequent events, consequence, attendant circumstances, comparison, condition, exception, time, cause, or motivation [Кобрина, Корнеева, 2009].

Adverbial modifier of purpose. Indefinite forms of the Infinitive (both active and passive) are used in this function. The Infinitive may be preceded by the conjunction in order, so as or by limiting particle (just, only):

We all need stress in order to achieve and do our best work.

They never parked the big van in front of the house so as not to upset the neighbours.

Adverbial modifier of subsequent events or attendant circumstances. In this function the Infinitive denotes an action that follows the one denoted by the predicate. The Infinitive may be preceded by the particles only, merely, simply [Н. А. Кобрина, Е. А. Корнеева и др., 2009].

He left his home town, never to come back.

I tore open the box, only to discover that some of the parts were missing. I went to see the doctor, only to find him absent.

Adverbial modifier of result. In this function the Infinitive is used after adjectives and adverbs modified by too; enough; so …. as, and nouns modified by such.… as.

I was too afraid to try bungee jumping.

No man is clever enough to know all the evil he does.

Would you be so kind as to send to me those documents?

Trade policy needed to be organized in such a way as to contribute to sustainable economic development.

Adverbial modifier of comparison or manner. In this function the Infinitive is introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though or than.

The cat looked up at me as if to say “I’m hungry.”

He nodded his head slowly as though to agree with everything she said.

He knows better than to marry her.

Adverbial modifier of condition denotes an action which pre-conditions the action expressed by the predicate. In this function the Infinitive is used but seldom.

To look at his works you would think that you have already seen them somewhere.

If to speak about teens, they stand somewhere between childhood and adulthood.

Parenthesis

The Infinitive used as parenthesis is usually part of a collocation, as in: to begin with, to be (quite) frank, to be sure, to make matters worse, to put it mildly, to say the least, to tell the truth, needless to say, strange to say, so to speak, to make a long story short, to crown all, to make matters worse, to be more precise, to say nothing of , etc.

When they had an accident, they were upset, to say the least.

John helps me with my taxes.He’s my accountant, so to speak.

Predicative constructions with the infinitive

The Infinitive is used in three types of predicative constructions:

The Objective with the Infinitive Construction.

The Subjective with thе Infinitive Construction.

The For-to-Infinitive Construction.

In all these constructions the Infinitive denotes an action ascribed to a noun or a pronoun. Due to their semantics and because of the attached position the nominal and the verbal elements are understood as forming a complex with subject-predicate relationship [Кобрина, Корнеева и др., 2009].

I saw him cross the street.

It is for him to decide.

He appeared to be a good doctor.

The objective infinitive construction

The Objective Infinitive Construction is a construction in which the Infinitive (usually the Infinitive phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case.

The Objective Infinitive Construction is used as a complex object in the following cases:

1. After verbs of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice and some others). Only Indefinite Infinitive without the particle ‘to’ is used in this case.

We did not see her enter the room.

They watched me cross the street.

Note: If the verb to see or to notice is used with the meaning to understand, or the verb to hear with the meaning to learn, the Objective Infinitive Construction cannot be used. Here only subordinate object clause is possible.

I saw that they had nothing to say to me (Я понял, что…).

I hear your brother has returned from vacation (Я слышал, что…).

2. After verbs of mental activity(to know, to think, to believe, to consider, to suppose, to expect, to understand, to find and some others).

I expect the goods to be loaded immediately

He considers this question (to be) of great importance.

We found the breakfast she had cooked to taste very good.

3. After verbs denoting feelings and emotion (to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, and some others).

I’d like you to try this dish.

I hate him to talk in this way.

4. After verbs denoting wish and intention (to want, to wish, to desire, to intend, to mean and some others).

I wish you to be happy and rich.

I don’t want him to be reprimanded.

5. After verbs denoting declaring (to announce, declare, to pronounce).

I declare you to be man and wife.

The journalists reported the second death to happen due to the hurricane.

6. After verbs denoting compulsion (to have, to make, to get, to order) of which the first two take a bare Infinitive.

A salesperson got me to spend much more money on my suits that I wanted to

What made him change his mind?

I have the gardener take care of everything.

7. After verbs denoting order and permission (to allow, to order)

He ordered the keys to be taken from the prisoner.

The head master didn’t allow the telephones to be brought to school.

8. After certain verbs requiring a prepositional object (to count (up) on, to rely (up) on).

I rely on him to support me.

I’m counting on you to tell me everything.

9. After the verb to let without the particle ‘to’

Just let them try it!

The subjective infinitive construction

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is the construction in which the Infinitive (usually the Infinitive phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common case or a pronoun in the Nominative case.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction is used as a Complex Subject in the following cases:

1. With the verbs to seem, to appear to prove, to turn out, to happen, to chance.

The building appears to have been used as a place of worship.

Janet seemed to take offence at my comments on her work.

Susan proved to be a good friend when she lent me some money.

Mum happened to be cooking dinner when I came home.

2. With the verbs in the Passive Voice:

a) verbs denoting saying (to announce, to declare, to report, to say, to state, etc.).

The war was declared to be over.

She is said to have travelled to Peru last year.

b) verbs denoting mental activity (to believe, to consider, to expect, to find, to know, to mean, to presume, to regard, to suppose, to think, to understand, etc.).

This couple were meant to stay together.

MSU is considered to be the best University in Russia according to world ranking systems.

She is thought to have attended the conference.

c) verbs of sense perception (to feel, to hear, to see, to watch).

They were seen to leave the city by train.

d) the verb to make.

He was made to bring his apologies.

3. With likely, unlikely, sure, certain. In this case only the non-perfect forms of the Infinitive are used, with future reference.

She is likely to be caught in a traffic jam.

They are sure to be present at the meeting.

The for-to-infinitive construction

In the For-to-Infinitive Construction the Infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case preceded by the preposition for.

The for-to-Infinitive construction has the same functions as a single Infinitive, though with some restrictions.

1. Subject. The For-to-Infinitive Construction is often used in this function with the introductory it.

It is difficult for them to comprehend that.

For me to hear him was disturbing.

2. Predicative. In this function the construction is mostly used with the link verb to be.

The only solution is for him to leave the country.

This is for you to learn by heart.

3. Object. The For-to-Infinitive construction functions as object of both verbs and adjectives.

He waited for the door to open.

I asked for the papers to be sent on time.

She is anxious for her daughter to enter a good school.

4. Attribute.

It was time for her to move on.

The best thing for you to do is to have proper rest.

5. Adverbial modifier of purpose.

She paused for us to express our emotions.

He started running for the chasers to lag behind.

6. Adverbial modifier of result.

The text was too difficult for us to translate without a dictionary.

He had done enough for us to ask him to stop at once.

Exercises

Exercise1.Give the right form of the Infinitive

1. When we asked him he refused … (to answer). 2. Don’t worry, he hasn’t forgotten … (to take) the medicine. 3. She must …. (to sleep) badly last night, she looks tired. 4. She put on the hat and turned to me … (to evaluate). 5. He appeared …(to listen). 6. Everything seemed (to change) since his last visit. 7. He was not the man (to forgive) offence to anybody. 8. Jack is in his garage. He must … (repair) his car. 9. I am glad … (to travel) to England. I have so many wonderful impressions of that trip! 10. You could … (to warn) me beforehand so that that I wouldn’t have to wait for you. 11. Don’t interrupt him when he is working. He hates … (to interrupt). 12. No words can fully describe the beauty of the place. It must … (to see).

Exercise 2. Insert ‘to’ before the Infinitive where required

1. I would rather … stay at home today. 2. Why not … come down to my place? 3. She made me … repeat the words several times. 4. I won’t have anyone … come interfering. 5. They ought … have asked my advice. 6. They heard the girl … cry out with joy. 7. You look tired you’d better … go home. 7. I saw him … cross the street a few minutes ago. 8. They were seen … play tennis together. 9. Let me … try this dress on. 10. I was made … stand still. 11. They helped me … search for him many times. 12. You ought not … talk back like this.

Exercise 3. Translate using the Infinitive in different syntactic functions

Subject

1. Было очень приятно поговорить с вами. 2. Всегда трудно принимать такие решения. 3. Глупо быть таким ревнивым. 4. Это не возможно сделать за один день. 5. Было приятно застать его дома. 6. Не нужно рассказывать ей подробности. 7. Засиживаться допоздна – вредно для здоровья. 7. Невозможно написать эссе за 5 минут. 8. Пора приниматься за работу.

Predicative

1. Ее задача заключалась в том, чтобы принести почту. 2. Наша задача – понять все функции инфинитива и научиться употреблять не личные формы. 3. Его мечта – найти хорошую работу. 4. В её обязанности входило выносить мусор. 5. Понять – значит простить.

Part of а Predicative (Secondary Predicative)

1. С ней приятно иметь дело. 2. На этом стуле удобно сидеть. 3. Хорошего друга найти нелегко. Его решение трудно объяснить.

Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate

1. Когда они начали смотреть фильм? 2. Вы должны работать усердно. 3. Он обычно приносил детям сладости. 4. Нам пришлось вызвать такси, чтобы не опоздать. 5. Она, бывало, подолгу гуляла. 6. Ему следует быть более пунктуальным.

Object

1. Я хочу сделать это сегодня. 2. Она была не рада встретить меня на вечеринке. 3. Извините, что побеспокоил. 4. Извините, что беспокою. 5. Я не знаю, что делать с этими непослушными детьми. 6. Она обещала научить нас готовить омлет. 7. Он очень богат. Он может позволить себе купить яхту. 8. Он решил отправиться в путешествие в тот же день.

Attribute

1. Он пришел первым, а ушел последним. 2. Мне не с кем обсудить эту проблему. 3. Ей нечего надеть на вечеринку. 4. У него семья, которую надо кормить (содержать). 5. Это подходящая книга для чтения в дороге. 6. Мне не нравится ваша идея отправиться в кругосветное путешествие.

Adverbial modifier

a) of result

1. Текст слишком большой, чтобы успеть перевести его сегодня. 2. Он был слишком расстроен, чтобы злиться. 3. Он слишком молод, чтобы понять своего отца. 4. Вы недостаточно образованы, чтобы занять данную вакансию. 5. Чай слишком горячий, чтобы пить его сразу. Нужно подождать. 6. История была слишком интересной, чтобы ее легко передать. 7. Он зашел слишком далеко, чтобы отступить. 8. Он был достаточно глуп, чтобы наслаждаться игрой. 9. Она была так любезна, что согласилась с моим предложением. 10. Вы думаете, я настолько глуп, чтобы упустить такую возможность?

b) of purpose

1. Я думаю, что поеду в Англию, чтобы улучшить свой английский. 2. Мэри, бледная и обеспокоенная, заставила его спуститься на кухню, чтобы позавтракать.3. Затем она пошла в сад, чтобы увидеть садовника. 4. Она решила сесть на диету, чтобы похудеть. 5. Я приехал поговорить с боссом. 6. Этой студентке придется много работать, чтобы догнать группу. 7. Нам пришлось взять такси, чтобы успеть в аэропорт.

Exercise 4. Choose the correct function of the Infi nitive and its constructions

1. She is a child not to be trusted

a) predicative b) attribute c) object

2. He waited for me to sit down.

a) prepositional object b) adverbial modifier of purpose c) complex object

3. The pain was too strong for him to think of anything else.

a) adverbial modifier of cause b)adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances c) adverbial modifier of result

4. It was impossible not to invite the Butlers for the evening.

a) subject b) predicative c) direct object

5. She made a gesture as if to touch him.

a) adverbial modifier of cause b) adverbial modifier of result c) adverbial modifier of comparison

6. They are likely to get married.

a) complex subject b) direct object c) predicative

7. There was no home for him to go.

a) subject b) complex subject c) attribute

8. She felt a sudden cold chill pass through her limbs.

a) attribute b) adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances c) complex object

9. To speak frankly, I’m not in favor of long engagements.

a) complex subject b) adverbial modifier of purpose c) parentheses

10. He extended his hand for Eric to shake.

a) complex object b) adverbial modifier of purpose c) adverbial modifier of cause

11. True sincerity is hard to find.

a) complex subject b) attribute c) part of a predicative

Exercise 5. State the functions of the Infinitive and its constructions and translate the sentences into Russian

1. I went to Oxford; and there I began to discover I was not the person I wanted to be. 2. I was too green to know that all cynicism masks a failure to cope. 3. I had got away from what I hated, but I hadn’t found where I loved, and so I pretended there was nowhere to love. 4. My “technique” was to make a show of unpredictability, cynicism and indifference. Then, like a conjurer with his white rabbit, I produced the solitary heart. 5. She had a very un-English ability to suddenly flash out some truth, some seriousness, some quick surge of interest. 6. She thought it must be nice to be totally alone in the world, to have no family ties. 7. I had to give up the flat in Russell Square and we spent three frustrating days looking for somewhere for her to live. 8. The next day I moved to the Russell Hotel, so that I had only to stroll out of the entrance and look across the square to see the house, to wait for the windows on that black third floor to light. 9. She stepped back for me to enter. 10. She sat in an armchair and gestured for me to sit on the huge sofa in the center of the room, but I shook my head. 11. She let silence pass again, as if to isolate what I said. 12. Neither I nor my children pretend to be ordinary people. They were not brought up to be ordinary. We are rich and we are intelligent and we mean to live rich, intelligent lives. 13. She seemed to decide to say nothing; then changed her mind. 14. Wait as long as Alison makes you wait. I do not think it will be very long. 15. That is for the two of you to settle. 16. She began to eat her toast, as if to bring us back to normal. I beckoned to the waitress for the bill. 17. Alison is not a present. She has to be paid for. And convinced that you have the money to pay. 18. She took my hand, but kept it and made me lean forward, to my surprise to kiss me on the cheek. 19. I said I was going to have some spaghetti. 20. She had come from Glasgow, it seemed, two months before, to be an art student.

(Источник: J. Fowles, 2012).

Exercise 6. State the functions of the Infinitive and translate the sentences into Russian

1. I’m waiting around for someone… a girl… to come back from Australia. 2. She was the strangest priest to confess before; but not the worst. 3. Perhaps it was Kemp who made me feel happier during those ten days. 4. She sat with her hands in her lap, waiting for me to speak, those clear eyes on mine. 5. In the morning I persuaded her to ring up and say that she wasn’t well, and we spent the day out in the country. 6. It was like a journey into space. I was standing on Mars, under a sky that seemed never to have known dust or cloud. 7. It took me many months to understand this, and many years to accept it. 8. I was forced to go frequently for walks to escape the claustrophobic ambience of the Lord Byron School. 9. I decided I would write a letter to Alison that night, to say that I didn’t want to hear from her again. 10. I tried to get him to return my smile, to confess that he had been pulling my leg; but his masklike face was drained of humor. 11. No. 46 turned out to be one of the largest houses in the road. 12. The men happened to have left two days before with a cargo of olive oil. 13. Later I was to discover that he was less miserable than he appeared. 14. Nothing was to be explained, everything was planned to keep me in suspense until I came again. 15. This was to assume that they were not working together to trick me. 16. For a day I was too shocked to act.

(Источник: J. Fowles, 2012).

Exercise 7. Translate using Complex Object and Complex Subject

А) 1. Она хочет, чтобы её сын стал врачом. 2. Он слышал, как кто-то позвал его. 3. Он заметил, что она побледнела. 4. Я никогда не слышала, как он поёт. 5. Мы не ожидали, что он придет так рано. 6. Она считает, что это единственный способ заставить его поверить ей. 7. Родители заставили его поступить в университет. 8. Учитель разрешил нам придти попозже. 9. Мы знали, что он выдающийся учёный. 10. Не люблю, когда люди лгут.

В) 1. Вероятно, он опоздает. 2. Сообщили, что матч переносят на завтра. 3. Кажется, он ничего не знает об этом деле. 4. Говорят, что экспедиция сорвалась. 5. Ожидают, что премьера будет успешной. 6. Говорят, что премьера спектакля провалилась. 7. Его заставили вымыть посуду. 8. Ей разрешили не делать домашнее задание. 9. Кажется, вам ничего до сих пор не сказали. 10. Сообщается, что делегация прибудет на следующей неделе.

Exercise 8. Translate using the For-to Infinitive Construction

1. Я поставила обед в духовку, чтобы он не остыл. 2. Она задержалась на работе, чтобы закончить отчет. 3. Вам нужно приобрести пианино, чтобы ваша жена могла играть. 4. Я достала прошлогодний список, чтобы мы знали чего ожидать, поскольку подарки уже начали поступать. 5. Каждый год она берет свою старшую помощницу на весенние показы, чтобы та видела, что они собой представляют. 6. Я поставлю книгу обратно на полку, чтобы она не потерялась. 7. Я тебе это говорю, чтобы ты мог ориентироваться в ситуации. 8. Она оставила лампу на подоконнике, чтобы он видел ее издалека. 9. Она дала ему книгу, чтобы ему было что почитать в дороге. 10. Девушка прошептала эти слова, чтобы никто не мог ее услышать. 11. На следующее утро ему принесли газету, чтобы он увидел, что его жизнь превратили в заголовки. 12. Сделайте это сейчас, чтобы вас потом не торопили. 13. Она откроет окно, чтобы в комнате не было душно. 14. Он изучает английский, чтобы учиться в США. 15. Мы переехали в Лондон, чтобы чаще навещать друзей. 16. Я дал ему свой адрес, чтобы он мог со мной связаться. 17. Я говорил медленно, чтобы мужчина меня понял. 18. Приезжайте раньше, чтобы мы начали собрание вовремя. 19. Она заперла дверь, чтобы ей не мешали. 20. Я сбросил скорость, чтобы машина позади меня могла меня обогнать.