Wenn man dem Sophisten Protagoras folgt, kommt uns die Wirklichkeit nur deshalb stabil vor, weil unsere sprachlichen Ausdrücke und Formen konstant sind. An sich aber unterliegt die Wirklichkeit unausgesetzten Veränderungen. Dann wäre alles, was wir sagen, in dem Sinn falsch, dass es nichts mit der Wirklichkeit zu tun hat.

Metaphysik (wie Platon und Aristoteles sie betrieben haben) ist nun das theoretische Unternehmen, das diese sophistische Auffassung von Sprache und Wirklichkeit widerlegen will. Sie zielt deshalb darauf ab, durch Reflexion auf bestimmte Formen des Denkens und Sprechens dauerhafte Strukturen alles Wirklichen zu konzipieren, und argumentiert, dass nichts existieren kann, was nicht so strukturiert ist. Die Aufgabe metaphysischer Theorien ist also die Begründung der Möglichkeit wahrer Aussagen und, darüber hinaus, von Wissen.

Dieses Buch führt in die philosophische Disziplin der Metaphysik ein, indem es die beiden wirkmächtigsten metaphysischen Theorien der Antike im Grundriss interpretiert: die Ideenlehre Platons und Aristoteles' »Erste Philosophie«. Der Autor macht die Quellentexte verständlich, indem er ihre Funktion im historischen Zusammenhang und ihre Aussage mittels der Grundformen der Sprache und des Denkens erklärt. Dabei leitet ihn die Frage, inwieweit die beiden Lehren begründet sind und in welchen Hinsichten sie durch ihre nicht reflektierten Voraussetzungen unhaltbar werden.

Wie Michael Theunissen es einmal formulierte, haben die Grundbegriffe, die die Philosophie in der Antike entwickelte, »Denkmöglichkeiten ausgeschlossen und … die weitere Entwicklung gelenkt«. Deshalb ist die Beschäftigung insbesondere mit den Metaphysiken Platons und Aristoteles' eine unentbehrliche Voraussetzung für das Verstehen der nachfolgenden mittelalterlichen und neuzeitlichen Theorien.

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