Lenin – Revolutionsführer und Gründer der Sowjetunion

Der erfahrene Autor und Herausgeber Bert Alexander Petzold vermittelt strukturiert Basiswissen und erläutert kenntnisreich das Leben und Wirken Lenins als Revolutionsführer und kommunistischer Staatsmann.

Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow (1870–1924) ist in Simbirsk, dem heutigen Uljanowsk geboren. Seine christliche Familie ist wohlhabend und niederen Adels, seine Mutter hat deutsche Vorfahren. Der sehr gute Schüler verbringt mit seinen Geschwistern eine unbeschwerte Kindheit, bis sein älterer Bruder Alexander wegen einer Verschwörung gegen den Zaren Alexander III. hingerichtet wird. Fortan beginnt sich der 17-jährige Uljanow politisch zu engagieren, wodurch er 1891 den Abschluss seines Jurastudiums gefährdet. Er entdeckt seine Bestimmung zum politischen Theoretiker und engagiert sich in der Arbeiterbewegung. Die Tätigkeit als Rechtsanwalt füllt ihn nicht aus.

1894 lernt er seine spätere Ehefrau, die Revolutionärin Nadeschda Krupskaja, kennen. Während einer längeren Europareise, u.a. durch Deutschland, entwickelt er ein Programm für den «Kampfbund für die Befreiung der Arbeiterklasse» an dessen Gründung er 1895 beteiligt ist und aus dem später die SDAPR, die Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Russlands, hervorgeht. Im selben Jahr wird Uljanow wegen seines politischen Engagements verhaftet. Davon unbeeindruckt organisiert er weiterhin politische Zirkel. 1897 wird er für drei Jahre nach Südsibirien verbannt, wo er Krupskaja heiratet.

Ab 1900 gründet Lenin mit Revolutionären im Exil eine russischsprachige Zeitung, die in München unter dem Titel «Iskra» (Funke) erscheint. Sie ist die programmatische Plattform, in der Uljanow fortan unter dem Decknamen «Lenin» seine Ideologie des späteren Leninismus verbreitet. 1902 publiziert er die Schrift «Was tun?». Sie erläutert die Gründung einer Kaderpartei von Berufsrevolutionären. 1903 setzt Lenin auf dem II. Parteitag der Sozialdemokratischen Arbeiterpartei Russlands die Abspaltung der Bolschewiki von den bürgerlich-demokratischen Menschewiki durch. Als die Revolution von 1905 scheitert, beginnt für Lenin ab 1907 eine dauerhafte Exilzeit in der Schweiz, in Frankreich und Polen. 1912 gibt Lenin die Zeitung «Prawda» in Sankt Petersburg heraus. Am Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs 1917 unterstützen deutsche Behörden Lenins Durchreise per Eisenbahn von der Schweiz über Schweden und Finnland. Unter Lenins und Trotzkis Führung erfolgt im November 1917 in St. Petersburg ein bolschewistischer Umsturz, der als Oktoberrevolution in die Weltgeschichte eingeht.

Als Vorsitzender des Rats der Volkskommissare baut Lenin die «Diktatur des Proletariats» aus, die er mittels Gewalt gegen politisch Andersdenkende sichert. Die Machtkonzentration in einer kleinen Führungsgruppe führt 1919 zur Gründung des Politbüros. Nach Schlaganfällen ist Lenin ab 1922 gezwungen, seine politischen Funktionen abzugeben. Lenin stirbt am 21. Januar 1924 in Gorki bei Moskau. Während der Trauerfeier wird durch Stalins Auftritt dessen Machtanspruch deutlich, der Übergang zur neuen Epoche des Stalinismus beginnt.

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