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MitchamS.W., Jr., MuellerG.

Hitlers Commanders



 MitchamS.W., Jr., MuellerG. Hitlers Commanders. L.: Scarboro House, 1992

 MitchamS.W., Jr., MuellerG., ., 2021

 MuellerG., 2021

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 .., .  .

 .., .  .

   , 2021


* * *







 ,     ,           :   ,    . Ƞ           .     ,          .   (.. ),     ,          ,      .   ,       (     )    . ,      ,   ,  ,   ,     ,   ,  ,    ,     -   ,            .     ,       .

 ,    ,  . ߠ  ,     ,            ;  , ,      (  ,  1945),    ,   .         ,           ,          :   ,   , , ,   ,      ,  , , , , , , ,     ,  ,   .     ,     ,     ,    . Ƞ, ,        .

  蠖     ,     ,    .              ,      . -         , ,          3663 , ,        . ,     ,             .

                  .   ,        ,   1990      ,         .     :  ,   ,  ,     .    ,                 .   ,   ,  ,      .  堖 ,       ,    ,        .   , ,  -,    ,      .        ,  ,     ,   ,   ,  .     .  ,       ,   ,      ,       .            ,      . -,      ,     ,      -.     ,   ,      ,   ,   ,   ,          ,  ,          ,   ,  ,  ,   ,     ()         ,    .     .    .



 .-.




 .   


 ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  






  (18821946)      (19381945), - (1940).                      16  1946



         22  1882.       ,     , 650-     ,     .       46-   ,   ,   ,      1901.            .

18  1902     ,           ,   1908   .  1910    -,   1914-젖 .

 1909      , ,     .  ,  ,    ,       ,      .        .    ,     . ,       ,        .  ,               ,  .                .

   1914      ,           .      ,   ,      1914     .       ,   ,        ,    ,       46-    .   1915         XVII  .   1915       ,         .

  ,     ,    .     ,       100000     4000 [1 -  Reichsheer  Reichswehr,       ,    .  Reichsheer     ,   Reichswehr     Reichsheer,  Reichsmarine (BMC),   15000 .         ()    Reichswehr.].                    ,       6-  ,  1923     ,     1925  1927       ,         .

 1927      11-  6-  .  1929     :   ,  ,          .           ; .

   1931         堖          .   ,   ,   ,  ,     ,   .            ,     .         ,           ,       .   (      )         .   ,   .  1932      .           ,       ,    , 30  1933,  .             .

  1933     .      (     ) 111-    ,  .   1934          ,      .        ,    .       ,       ,           -, ,     :             ,       [2 -  , Keitel, Verbrecher oder Offizier, Erinnerungen, Briefe und Documente des Chef OKW (Goettingen: Nusert-Schmidt Verlag. 1961), c.71.].     ,    ,       ,   .

  1934    12-  ,   ,       .          .    ,  ,   ,    ,   . 1  1934 ,    ,   22-  .

     ,    ,   ,       . ( ,       ,     ).           ,     . ,    1935,          .        ,  -   ,      .

      ,      ,      .       ,   ˻ ( ),   ,                 ,       .        렖 ,      ( )     , ,   ,     .             (   )    .        ,   ,            [3 - Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 194648), Volume X, p. 502 (   IMT).].

   ,    1938   , -,  ,    ,     .     :  ,     ,       , 24-      .      ,           . Ƞ      ,      ,    .

  ,    , -         ,       - ,  - .  ,    :          ,     . ,    ,    ,  ,   -      .            ?   -   ,       ?          ,    .      ,                .      ,     ,         .  ,   ,       .

       .     ,  ,         ,         175. Ƞ             (   ,    ),        ,           ࠖ         ࠖ  .

4  1938,     ,      ,      .          ?      -,                    , -,                . ,   ,    .     ,    ,                 ,       ,        [4 - Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, 193945, R.H.Barry, trans. (New York: Frederic A.Praeger, 1966), p. 13 (   Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters).].

      :  ,       ,  ( ) )        ,  -  .          .         ,      ,             .    ,          ,     ,       (),      1944   .

       ,      .             , ,   ,       ,        ,          ,             ,      .

           ,          .           ,        .            -.        -:          :    ,                ,    ,            .

    ,   , ,      -   . ,     ,        1938,           .     ,       .     ,     ,        , . ,     1940.       ( )   ,   ,         . ,  43 ,       ,   .

            1940,        19  1940 ,       100  .      ,   ,      .        ,  ,        .      ,             (     ).

           .       :    .    ,           ,       .    ,     .      ,             - ,   .             .  ,    , ,  ,     .          . Ѡ      . Ƞ    ,           ,    .

  1941         ,        .  ,   ,         .            ,            .       ,    1941                 .   ,   ,   .

        ,    .     ,      .       ,      .    ,  ,           50100 [5 - . Gene Mueller, The Forgotten Field Marshal: Wilhelm Keitel (Durham, N. C.: Moor Publishing Co., 1979) (   Mueller, Keitel).].      ,       .

               ,       .           , ,    7  1941 Nacht und Nebel (  ),   ,     ,       .          .            [6 - Louis Snyder, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (New York: McGraw Hill, 1976), p. 242 (   Snyder, Encyclopedia).].          .

          ,              ,    ,   . ʠ,         .              [7 -    ,  1976.].        .

20  1944      ,          ,    ,   .  12.42   .      .       ,       :  !  ?          .   ,       -.         .    ,    [8 - Albert Speer. Incide the Third Reich, Richard and Clara Winston, trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 389 (   Speer, Memoirs).].     ,     .             -  ,      .        , ,    ,      [9 -     8  1944,      4  1944, -         1945.].

   ,      ,   ,     [10 - Mueller, Keitel, cc. 25658.].              ,       .          .            ,   -  ,      .   ,       ,        .

8  1945      .    ,     ,     ,         .     -,    ,      . ,   ,             .

       ,       ,    .            ,         .         ,        . 16  1946    . Ѡ       : Deutschland uber alles! (  ).

   , ,  ,    .     ,   ,  ,        8 ,  1938  1945-,           . ,    ,    ,      ,    -, ,  ,  .






  (18881952)  ,          ,        



     25  1888,  6    .  1909        .          10-  .      ,    (     ),    1933    ,   .  1934    .   ,        , 4  1938,        堖    -        . 1  1941     . ,       ,  , .

-    1942-     ,    -   (. ),        .        ,      -  .    ,  XX ,       ,         .     ,        .        ,    .       30  1944.           ,         - [11 -       20-    ,       Kampfgruppee Korps Hela,             1953.].     .       , 1  1945     -     .

        .       ,   1948     .      ,   1952  .






  (18901946)       , - ( 1  1944).                    



     10  1890.       ,       ,           .      ,    .       ,  , ,          .

  ,  ,    ,  1910  4-    .  1912    .              ,        ,   . ,      ,      .    .

   19141918.         ,     .         ,       .          1920      .        ,                 , , ,    ,         [12 - Eugene Davidson, The Trial of the Germans (New York: Collier Books, 1966). p. 346 (   Davidson, Trial).].         ,   ,       ,    .

      ,                 ,      .  1935 ,     ,      .        (),     .   ,   1938,  -   -         . Ƞ      .

                (,   ),     10  ,       . ,   ,    .  ,           ,     .   ,      , ,       ,     .      ,      [13 - IMT, volume XXV, p. 300.]. ,         ,     .

  ,           ,       (Oberkommando des Heers   ).    1939    -   44-  .  ,  ,     1938   ( )    2-  [14 - Walter Goerlitz, Keitel, lodi and Warlimont, in Correlli Barret, ed., Hitler Generals (London: Weidenfeld and Mickolson. 1989), p, 157 (   Goerlitz, Keitel, lodi and Warlimont).].

23  1939           ;      ( ).        .  1940       ,  30  1944 (  11-    )    -,     -.           ,        .       .

 ,         (1939)   (1940)    ,        ,        .      ,   1940    1-  ,     ,     (   ).             ,      (     )     .

  (  ) -       .     ,          XXI [15 - XXI    XXI   (XXI ) (. . 4.      ,    ).].       ,       .    ,                   .        .

      .        (     )  .    ,          ,    10  ,     -    .  , 14         .        .

     .     ,     ,    .     ,       ,        ,              .  ,    .  17     ,      .       , ,         .     , ,   ,   (   -)  .     .   ,     ,     ,        .

   ,   ,      ,   ,   .     ,     ,     .       ,       . ʠ  ,          .          .                .  ,           .         ,      ,    ,  ,        .         ,     . ,   ,        [16 -    ,  1972.].

 ,    ,      .         (     ),    ,        .      ,          .            ,    ,         .     ,  ,     [17 - Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, p.232.].          .  ,      , ,   [18 - IMT, volume XIX, p. 300.].

               .   1942,          ,           . Ѡ            ,  ,    . ,    ,     - ,           . ,       ,     ,        .           ,       .        .   ,     .

  -      , , , ,   .             .      .  ,     ,          .      ,       ,          .

,     ,    .      ,      .               .       ,      [19 - Goerlitz, Keitel. lodi and Warlimont, p. 161.]. ,   ,     ,     .          ,             1953[20 - Davidson, Trial, p. 363.          ,      ,        .].

   18        . 20  1944,  ,           ,    .       .    ,  ,     1945,       - .        ,  25 ,     . ʠ     ,   ,    ,   ,  [21 - Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler (New-York: Macmillan, 1947). pp. 120127.].

    ,     . -       ,       .  7  1945      ,     .

 (     )   23  1945      .       ,    .    ,        . ,       ,    .[22 - Speer. Memoirs, p. 515.].    ,         ,   ,      .  ,     ,   ,     .       ,      .   ,   ,    ,     :  ()        .  ,  ,    ,    .[23 - Percy Schram, Hitler: The Man and the Myth, Donald Detwiler, trans. (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1971). p. 204.].  2   16  1946 -    .      ,        -   -   .



 ,      ,      ,         .






  (18961956)   



     28  1896.     , ,      ,          4-    .        .          .        ,    .     ,             XII .

 19391940,    ,      .          XII ,  1  1940     .             XLIX  ,     .     ,  ,   ,  .   1941 XLIX       ,      .      ,     ,   ,  ,  ,      ,    .         . 14  1942     20-    ,       . 1  1942   ,     -.

                ,  2  1943-          .   , 1  1943   ,  -. ʠ    15  1944,     XIX    . 1  1944     .

   򻠖         ,           .   2-  6-  ,   ,       ,      ,           [24 - Earl F.Ziemke, The German Northern Thaeter of operations, 19401945, United States Department of the Army Pamphlet # 20271 (Washington. D. C.: United States Department of the Army. 1059), pp. 30010 (   Ziemke, Northern Theater).].   -      ,      . 1  1944,         ,        ,   XIX  XXXVI  .      ,            .   1945   .

               ,             .         ,        1947.             1966[25 - Wolf Keilich, Die Generate des Heeres (Friedberg: Potzun-Pattas Verlag, 1983), p. 159 (   Keilich. Die Generate).].



 ,           [26 - David Irving, Hitlers War (New York: Viking Press, 1977), Volume I. p. 112 (   Irving, Hitlers War).],    26  1899.                 4-     1918.     1916,       ,       ,   2-  ,  .  1917     .

 1920  1926     5-  .  1925   -   1930    3-  .        3-    [27 -          ,   .   ,             .   (      )     .      : , ,  ,  ,   ,      .      7  1932  18  1943. . Samuel W.Mitchan, Jr., Hitler Legions (Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.: Stein and Day, 1985), pp.2735.],  4  1933  .                  ,   1936           .

      44-    ,  ,       .        ,     1938         2  1939    ,         ,            .

    (  ,    )      .        ,    . ʠ      ,       ,   .     ,   ,      .   1939          .   ,          .    .

  ,  ,   .     ,             .         1940 ,     .            .

   .        . 14        ,      .  ,      .     ,       .      , ,   ,    -  ,   .  ,            .      ,    ,        .         (  ,    ),          -  :  ,   (.. )      .                 [28 - Irvmg, Hitlers War, Volume I, p. 110.].

     .   ,      ,   -  .  22 ,  ,       5000 . Ƞ     ,     .  ,       ࠖ  ,   .         .

        .      .       .    30      1940          .  ,  ,     ,            .           ,        .

  ,   ,         ,        (  ,       ).                   .           XXI ,       .        :       ,     ,       (      ),   [29 - Ibid., p. 177.].                 .     ,                 .        -  .  ,  ,     ,       .

          ,      ,   ,        (  ).        1941   ,        .           . Ƞ    -   :      ,    .       . , ,        ,        ,       .     ,     ,   . ,   ,         ,    .

  ,    ,       . (      .) 1  1942        1       (.. ).    ,       ,    1944       ,  1  1944    -.        VIII ,     .        ,    ,     1945     .       ,     .        .



 ,  ,  20  1890  ,     .       1908      63-    1910. ʠ1914    3-  63- .           ,    . 18  1917           6-    .    ,     ,       .     ,    ,   1- ,   ,      -    3- .

      4-    .  1928      - . 1  1929      1930    - .       (19281938.)           (   ).     ,       ,    ,         ,      [30 - Wilhelm Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament (Buffalo, N.Y.University of Toronto Press, 1981), p. 94 (   Deist, The Wehrmacht).].






  (18901946)  ,      



 ,                      ,  ,           .  ,     ,            ,           .     .

       ,        -   ,   ,        .       .          ,   ,    [31 - Ibid., pp. 9495.].   ,   ,       .     , ,  . 1  1938   -,  1  1940ࠖ -.

   ,         1938.     ,    -              .   ,       ,         .         .             [32 - John W.Wheeler-Bennet, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in the Politics, 19181945 (New York: St.Martins Press, 1967), p. 423 (   Wheeler-Bennet, Nemesis).].        蠖    (   1938      )    ( ),     ,     ,     .

   1939       -       ,         ,       .         .     .        ,          ,         [33 - Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 19331945, Richard Barry, trans. (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1977), p. 111. (   Hoffmann, Resistance).].              .   .   ,    (       )   .      .   ,      .

 - ,   ,    , 1  1939   ,    .        ,    ,          .   1939      ,   ,    ,  ,  .    ,       ,        ().    :     ,  ,  .      ,    ,  .  ,         ,        - ,       ,  ,       XI,   , ,          ,        .      .

               .         1940      ,  . ʠ         (1  1940),          .       ,   -       ,    .       1941   .   ࠖ             ,      ,          ,     ,          ,    [34 - Ulrich von Hassel, The von Hassel Diaries, 19381944, Hugh Gibson, ed. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948), p. 195 (   Hassel, Diaries).].

             .         ,   .      .   ,       .      ,       ,   .      ,        , , . ,   , .

        . 6  1942       .   ,     ,            , ,     .                  .    ,         (         ). 20  1942          .      .

   ,    1943,      .     -   ,    .,   ,     ,      ,   .    ,            .  ,   [35 - Richard Brett-Smith. Hitters Generals (Bovato, Calif: Presidio Press, 1977), p. 211; Wheeler-Bennet, Nemesis, p. 560.],        .

    20  1944   ,     .              ,        .         ,         .   ,        --.     ,   1946   .



    , , 26  1894. 10  1913            1914    .       12-  .  1918         18-    13-  ,     .  1926          4-  ,   1928     .       13-   (19301933),    ,     .   1936     ,   1937     5-    V .   1939    ,    ,   ,       ,      .           1940    -,   2ࠖ -.

     ,    1942        .  ,              ,    .  ,    , ,    ,   ,      [36 - Wartimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, p. 232.].






  (18941959)  



    ,         ,        25  1943.      ,   ,        .         .         ,   ,            .  ,    ,   ,   ,      ,       .       ,                 ,  -,   .

,    ,    ,     , ,   ,       . ,   1943,     ,  ,             ,      .    - ,  ,     [37 - Ibid., p. 404.].    ,      ,   , ,  .     -  ,    1942      .

         ,           . Ѡ ,       ,       1  1944.           ,  20              .   ,      ,   ,              1940  1942.        ,          [38 - Joachim Kramarz, Stauffenberg: The Life and Death of an Officer, 15th November 190720 July 1940 (London: Deutsch, 1967), p. 76 (   Kramarz, Stauffenberg).].   1945        ,   ,      [39 - Speer, Memoirs, p. 420.].      ,     .             .        .  ,         ,      ,         . 20 .     .     ,     9  1945 .

     ,      .      1947  1948,    ,    1985.



   15  1895    .   19      . 18  1915,    ,     12-  .         1937   9-   (IX )  .   1938     .           .          529-  ,        1940    4  1941  1942-       . ,    1940    ,        .   1943    -.    ,             .






  (18951945)  



   ,   ,      ,            .              , -   ,   (    ).          1  1944.     .

         .            ,   ,     .        蠖     ,      .     ,        :       .




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   .

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notes








1


 Reichsheer  Reichswehr,       ,    .  Reichsheer     ,   Reichswehr     Reichsheer,  Reichsmarine (BMC),   15000 .         ()    Reichswehr.




2


 , Keitel, Verbrecher oder Offizier, Erinnerungen, Briefe und Documente des Chef OKW (Goettingen: Nusert-Schmidt Verlag. 1961), c.71.




3


Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal (Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 194648), Volume X, p. 502 (   IMT).




4


Walter Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, 193945, R.H.Barry, trans. (New York: Frederic A.Praeger, 1966), p. 13 (   Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters).




5


. Gene Mueller, The Forgotten Field Marshal: Wilhelm Keitel (Durham, N. C.: Moor Publishing Co., 1979) (   Mueller, Keitel).




6


Louis Snyder, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich (New York: McGraw Hill, 1976), p. 242 (   Snyder, Encyclopedia).




7


   ,  1976.




8


Albert Speer. Incide the Third Reich, Richard and Clara Winston, trans. (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 389 (   Speer, Memoirs).




9


    8  1944,      4  1944, -         1945.




10


Mueller, Keitel, cc. 25658.




11


      20-    ,       Kampfgruppee Korps Hela,             1953.




12


Eugene Davidson, The Trial of the Germans (New York: Collier Books, 1966). p. 346 (   Davidson, Trial).




13


IMT, volume XXV, p. 300.




14


Walter Goerlitz, Keitel, lodi and Warlimont, in Correlli Barret, ed., Hitler Generals (London: Weidenfeld and Mickolson. 1989), p, 157 (   Goerlitz, Keitel, lodi and Warlimont).




15


XXI    XXI   (XXI ) (. . 4.      ,    ).




16


   ,  1972.




17


Warlimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, p.232.




18


IMT, volume XIX, p. 300.




19


Goerlitz, Keitel. lodi and Warlimont, p. 161.




20


Davidson, Trial, p. 363.          ,      ,        .




21


Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler (New-York: Macmillan, 1947). pp. 120127.




22


Speer. Memoirs, p. 515.




23


Percy Schram, Hitler: The Man and the Myth, Donald Detwiler, trans. (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1971). p. 204.




24


Earl F.Ziemke, The German Northern Thaeter of operations, 19401945, United States Department of the Army Pamphlet # 20271 (Washington. D. C.: United States Department of the Army. 1059), pp. 30010 (   Ziemke, Northern Theater).




25


Wolf Keilich, Die Generate des Heeres (Friedberg: Potzun-Pattas Verlag, 1983), p. 159 (   Keilich. Die Generate).




26


David Irving, Hitlers War (New York: Viking Press, 1977), Volume I. p. 112 (   Irving, Hitlers War).




27


         ,   .   ,             .   (      )     .      : , ,  ,  ,   ,      .      7  1932  18  1943. . Samuel W.Mitchan, Jr., Hitler Legions (Briarcliff Manor, N. Y.: Stein and Day, 1985), pp.2735.




28


Irvmg, Hitlers War, Volume I, p. 110.




29


Ibid., p. 177.




30


Wilhelm Deist, The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament (Buffalo, N.Y.University of Toronto Press, 1981), p. 94 (   Deist, The Wehrmacht).




31


Ibid., pp. 9495.




32


John W.Wheeler-Bennet, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in the Politics, 19181945 (New York: St.Martins Press, 1967), p. 423 (   Wheeler-Bennet, Nemesis).




33


Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 19331945, Richard Barry, trans. (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1977), p. 111. (   Hoffmann, Resistance).




34


Ulrich von Hassel, The von Hassel Diaries, 19381944, Hugh Gibson, ed. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948), p. 195 (   Hassel, Diaries).




35


Richard Brett-Smith. Hitters Generals (Bovato, Calif: Presidio Press, 1977), p. 211; Wheeler-Bennet, Nemesis, p. 560.




36


Wartimont, Inside Hitleres Headquarters, p. 232.




37


Ibid., p. 404.




38


Joachim Kramarz, Stauffenberg: The Life and Death of an Officer, 15th November 190720 July 1940 (London: Deutsch, 1967), p. 76 (   Kramarz, Stauffenberg).




39


Speer, Memoirs, p. 420.


