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        . ,    . 1943-1953


 








         


















Donald Filtzer

The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia Health, hygiene, and living standards, 19431953








This translation of "The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia" is published by arrangement with Cambridge University Press.








 Donald Filtzer, 2010

  . .,  . .,  . .,    , 2018

    , .   , 2018








        .

         : Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 19281942 (, 1986); Soviet Workers and de-Stalinization: The Consolidation of the Modern System of Soviet Production Relations, 19531964 (, 1982); Soviet Workers and the Collapse of Perestroika: The Soviet Labour Process and Gorbachevs Reforms, 19851991 (, 1994); Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism: Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System After World War Two (, 2002) (   :     :            (: , 2011)); The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 19431953 (, 2010);    .   Hunger and War: Food Provisioning in the Soviet Union During World War II (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2015).

        Fortress Dark and Stern: Life and Work on the Soviet Home Front During World War II.




  


           ,     ,         .   ,       ,    ,   .

     ,              ,        .   ,  ,                     ,     ,  ,  .  ,                .   , ,    ,    ,        ,    .    (    ),               ,   [1 - Kuhn . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. . 118-119.].

      ,         ,       .            .   ,           ,   ,     ,   ,     -        ,    ,        .     ,   ,    ,         .   , -  ,        ,              [2 - Guardian. 2004. November 11. G2 section, . 2-4.].

         ,  , ,      ,  ,   .         ,      .   3               ,        ,      .                  ,  .          ,    ,      .      ,       ,  ,     :           ,     ;   , , , ;   ;       .       ,       ,      ,           ,   ,       ,       .           ,   ,      ,         ,           ,    ,  .

     .   ,                   .                  ,        ,  ,              ,     ,           .

        .  ,        ,      ,      .       ,      .       ,      ,       ,       1930-    .     .                      XXI .  (Oxfam) [  ,              .  . .]        ,  ,           ,     .          .         ,          , ,   .    ,    ,  ,     ,          ,          ,        [3 - Davis . Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006.].

             ,   ,                    .            .

               ,         .                 ,      ,          ;    ,      .    ,         ,    ,   ,   , ,       .      ,       .                  , . . ,  ,          .

    ,            . ?             .            2006 ,          ,        .   ,               2006  2008 ;          ,     .

             ,   .  ,         ,   ,      .

   ,   ,  .

         ,      .  ,   ,  ,        4     ,     .

                ,       ,      .

         ,  ,      .   ,      ,    ,    ,   ?    ,     .

 ,       -    ,             4  5,         .

         4      ,           .

         4         .

               ,            .

         ,              .

                 ,     .

 ,                 ,        2,   ,      ,     2005 .

           , ,  ,    ,    - .           ,   ,        ,              .

              .        ,       4.    ,          (   ,    )                    2005 ,      .         ,       [4 - A Dream Deferred: New Studies in Russian and Soviet Labour History / eds. Filtzer D., Goldman W. Z., Kessler G., Pirani S. Bern: Peter Lang, 2008.].

      ,        .       ,         ,      ,     ,    ,       .

         - (    ),      4  5 ,  ,               .

                 ,     .

      3 .

               ,       ,      :   ,    ,       .           ,   4    .

     1  2    ,    .

 , , ,               ,        ,  ,     ,     .

    2     Poisoning the Proletariat: Urban Water Supply and River Pollution in Russias Industrial Regions During Late Stalinism, 1945-1953 (Acta Slavica Iaponica. 2009. No. 26. . 85-108).      4     The 1947 Food Crisis and Its Aftermath: Worker and Peasant Consumption in Non-Famine Regions of the RSFSR : A Dream Deferred: New Studies in Russian and Soviet Labour History / eds. D. Filtzer, W. Z. Goldman, G. Kessler, S. Pirani. Bern: Bern: Peter Lang, 2008. . 343-383.    Acta Slavica Iaponica            .

   ,     .    ,    ( ,     ), ,      ,     ,      ,    ,     ,      .










 ,  

  


 1947          ,    .         -   .    ,            ,      ,          .         .     ,          .       ,        [5 - Belikov P. F. The Fight Against Intestinal Infections. American Review of Soviet Medicine. Vol. 4. No. 3. 1947. February. . 240-241.].     -     -         .     :



           ,    ,         ,            ,   .   ,    ,      .          . ,       ,   .            .        ,        .

       . -             .   ,         .      ,  ,       .       ,          [6 - Ibid. . 241-242.].


     ,    .   ,             ,       .  ,            . ,         ,       ,       . ,   ,  ,   ,  .             [7 -  . .  ,        //  ,      /  . . .  ., 1954. . 31.],         ,     ,  ,            .        ,  , , ,     ,  ,     - ,        ,   ,           .     .  1947 ,     ,             .              : - ,              ,            ,              .          .          1940-   , ,   1950-,           ,  .

       ,   .           ,  ,   .               ;         .    ,  ,      ,     per se [,   . . .].     ,     (,             )    .   (,             )   .             , ,  ,     ,      .                  ,     ,      .               ,              ,      ,    .

                 ,        ,   ,     .           20        ,            XIX .       ,  -,  , ,  ,  ,         ,        .    ,     .      :                     ,        .     ,     ,  ,               .             100 .  (    ,       )      1820  1850 : 35   1820-  29   1830-    30   1840- .   1850-      ,    1870-          1820- ,        35    38 ,   1890-    42 .        ,          : 1841   28     27     [8 - Szreter S., Mooney G. Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities. Economic History Review. New series.Vol. 51. No. 1. 1998. February. Tables 5, 6.                      ,   1870   .  :            41     1810-   1860- ,      46    XIX .  ,   1830-             12     .].    ,     ,  :    ,      [9 - Huck P. Infant Mortality and Living Standards of English Workers During the Industrial Revolution // Journal of Economic History. 1995. Vol. 55. No. 3. September. P. 546-547; Szreter S., Mooney G. Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate. . 108-110.].  , ,            ,   ,      ,      [10 -  .: Szreter S. Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development // Population and Development Review. Vol. 23. No. 4. 1997. December. . 693-728.].

              ,      .                 .      ,      (  )         . ,    ,   .        ,          ,     .   ,       .         ,         .      ,       . , , ,    ,            ,      ,      ,       .       . 16  1946          ,    [11 -             4.].               .        ,       [12 - Zaleski E. Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933-1953. London: Macmillan, 1980. . 688-696.].              ,     ,      1947  (,   ,  ,   ,    )     36 %    1946-     .   - ,           ,        ,    .   1946       ,        .          ,     .  ,          ,     ,         .      ,     ,   ,            ,         ,   ,     .

   ,         .             [13 - Filtzer D. The Standard of Living of Soviet Industrial Workers in the Immediate Postwar Period, 1945-1948. Europe  Asia Studies. Vol. 51. No. 6. 1999. . 1015-1016.].       :     -       ,           (        ),       .        - ,        [14 -        4.].  -,     ,     ,      ,             .       ,      .   ,    (    ),            ,        ,       ,      .     ,     ,      ; ,   ,       :  ,        ,    [15 -  ,  1947              - ,     ; .  5, . 350-354.].  ,     ,  ,     ,        ,      ,                 .               (     ),  - ,       .    ,            3,  - ,    ,  - ,       ,   1947 .      .

  ,     ,               ,    ,        .     ,       ,         .       ,         ,       .    ,    ,   ,          .      . ,     ,     ,          ,         ,  ,       , ,   .      ,    ,       , ,     ,    ,   ,   ,  ,         .

    ,                 .           .          ,    .        ,         .      ,         ;       ,    ,      .      .   ,     ,                 .   ,       .        .    ,    ,  ,    ,      1953      .              .

,           .         ,     ,   ,       ,     ,     ,    XIX   XX       ,      .            .             .  ,     , 20 %         1900  1940           [16 - Troesken W. Water, Race, and Disease. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. . 5960, 63.             1  2.].       .      ,          , ,           .          .                  .                      .          ,              .                     , ,   ,       :    ,       ,     ,          .

         .    ,            ,            ,      ,  .     ,           [17 -          ,                        .        .        1870-        .        ,      .     XIX     ,      ,       .          ,       XIX      ,      .].                .                      .           ,           .       ,    .    1892                       ,  ,     ,       .     ,    :



     ,   .  ,  ,    ,      , ,         .              ,   ,                       ,                ,     ?    ,    .    , ,   ,         . -          ,  , ,    .  ,         .   ,       ,        [18 - Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years. London: Penguin, 2005.. 118-119 [  : Lindley W.] Oeffentliche Wasch- un Bade-Hauser. Hamburg, 1851. P. 16-17.]].


 ,          (      ,   ,          ), , ,           .    ,            1848 .     ,       ,  , ,    -       ,  ,  [19 - Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg. . 178.].

       XIX . -          XIX  :



   ,   ,    ,       ,      .      ,   ,   ,  ,  ,      .    ,   ,          ,  ,     .       ,  ,    ,     .        ,    ,     ,       ,   ,       [20 - Shapiro A.-L. Housing the Poor of Paris, 1850-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. . XIV.   :      : , ,       ;   ;   ,     ;      ,     ,           (Ibid. . 15).          .       ,    ,       ,         ,      (Ibid. . XIV).        .         38 %  -    .             ,    40 %  ,       , .: Burnett J. Plenty and Want: A Social History of Food in England from 1815 to the Present Day. 3


 ed. London: Routledge, 1989. . 243, 254.].


                ,     .             .   ,     ,       ,       .  ,  ,      ,      ,         .          .          .            [21 - Vsgel J. Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870-1913. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1998. . 159-164; Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1983. . 237.].

           ,    :  - ,        - ,             ,      .               .   ,        .        ,                     ,        .           (     ),          .       ,       ,        .       ,      ,       ,     1953    .            .

  ,  ,   ,     ,     ,         .          ,       ,         ,           (  ),              .         ,      ,          ,     ,                .




    


         ,    ,    .          ,                 .      ,          .            ,    ,    .                --,   [22 -  . --: Jones J. W. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction of Soviet Russia During and After the Great Patriotic War, 1943-1948. Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2008; : Qualls K. D. From Ruins to Reconstruction: Urban Identity in Soviet Sevastopol After World War II. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009; : Blackwell M. J. Regime City of the First Category: The Experience of the Return of Soviet Power to Kyiv, Ukraine, 1943-1946: Ph. D. Dissertation. Indiana: Indiana University, 2005.     ,                 ,    ,      .].         ,      ,     .   ,         ,      -  ,  -     ,         .    -        .  ,     ,           ,       ,  ,      ,      .

,     (   ):    ,    ,        ;      ;    ,    ,       ;     ()   .   4  5             ( ) ,      . ,    (   ),     ,   ,             .      ,       .        :       ,           (, ,   )       .

    ,    ,   ,      . ,  ,     ,    ,  ,          .             30 . 40 . .        -        .                 ,      .     ,       ,                    ,      .         ,       1948-1955 .  . I.1     ,      (         1939 ).



 I.1

       , 1939-1955  ( . .)






:   1939      1939 .       1   .

*  1954     ,            .       .

:  . . -374. . 34. . 1540. . 81, 81 ., 82, 83, 83 ., 84.



 ,         ,     .       ,    :   ,       ;                  ,    .      ,          ,        ,     (      )    .  ,           .      . I.1     1949  1953  -     .     ,         ,            -       :     ,           .

 ,    ,       ,              .    ()        , ,      ,     1948 .   , ,      (        ), ,   ,          .      .            (   ,     ,     ),              .

    ,                 (     :   ),            .

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 I.2

          ( 1949 ), ,     ( 1948 )






: : . . 1562. . 329. . 4464. . 19;  : . . 1562. . 47. . 7656. . 75-81 (1948 ,     );  ,  ,  : . . 1562. . 329. . 3152. . 47-48, 65-67, 75-76.



       ,            . ?  ,        ,    [23 -  1951        - ,           .   ,             .].

              [24 -         ,  ,       1950 .         -.  ,       ,       ,       ,      .].       ,  ,      ,  ,  ,     ,  ,   ,    ,        .     ,   ,              ,          .

        ()         () ,      .      , ,     .    ,      ,  ,         4.

   ,             ,       .                ,       .         , , ,      .   ,       ,     .     ,   ,    .         .  ,    ,   ,     .

     ?     ,     ,      .   ,     ,    ,   60 % ,         .           ( ,    ,   ,    ,   );    ,          ,       ;    ,      ,    ,  .    ,    ,      ,        .       , ,   ,      ,     ,     .     ,        .                   ,      .   ,       ,     .             1940   1941 :



           ,        .            ,       ,        ,      ,   . - ,         ,       :      ;    -         ,   ,      ,    .           [25 -  . . A-482. . 47. . 157. . 111-128; . : . 114.].


  ,        ,        .             .         .   ,        ,     ,      .        ,      ,   ,  ,  ,     [26 -  . . 9226. . 1. . 897,      .      -     2  1948 .    161     , 90      ,   ,     ,          144 , 42 %      .].

       ,    .        ,  ,       ,          .   ,             ,    ,        ,  ,         ,    .               ,     ,       ,          .

   ,   ,   .   ,   ,     .   ,      ,   , .       .

               , ,            [27 -    .: Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 [ . .:  .     . .: , 2011],       ,     ,    ; :  . .    1946-1947 :   . .:    , 1996; Late Stalinist Russia: Society Between Reconstruction and Reinvention / ed. J. FYrst. London: Routledge, 2006; Juliane FYrst, Stalins Last Generation: Youth, State and Komsomol 1945-1953: Ph. D. Dissertation. University of London, 2003; Qualls . From Ruins to Reconstruction; Jones J. W. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction; Blackwell M. J. Regime City of the First Category.].

      ,     ,                .        .      ,        ,     ,      .   ,      ,   ,       .   ,        ,           .         ,   ,   ,   ,     .      4  5,     ,   ,    ,    ,        .      5,       ,   ,    ,    ,         ,           (    ,  ,        ).     ,       .           ,    ,       .       1946 :             ,     .      []    . ,   ,          .           .             .            ,         ,          .      ,        .    :     ,    [28 -          ,   ,     5-7  1946 .   .:  . . A-482. . 47. . 4914;   : . 217-219.].        .           ,  ,      .       :      :   ,  ,      .    ,   ,     ,       ,       .

  ,      ,         ,          ?   ,               ? , .   , ,        ,            ,    ,        .   ,      ,    , ,   ,      .          .

          .

  1      .    ,           ;       ,     .                  .     ,          ,   .         ,      ,             ,  ?        .

  2   ,        ,      .            ,        ,      .           ,     ,   ,        .

  3      per se,         ,      ,   ,   .         ; ,    ,          .      ,         ,      .         .     ,   .          ,     .  , ,   :  ,            .           ,          ,     .        ,                   .

  4         .        

               .     1947    ,    ,  ,    ,   .     ,      ,             ,           .   , ,   ,        ,   ,     .

 5    ,          .        ,       .      1948 ,         .  ,   ,     ,       .         ,      ,      ,     .            .   ,    ,          ,           XIX  XX .     ,   , ,                (     )    .                      .

, ,       ,   ,        .        ,           ?         ,  ,                     ?         ,       ,     , -          ? ,  ,      .             ,           ,          .     ,              .            ,   .                ,     .    ,      ,  ,        ,   ,       .




 1

 :    





    

 XIX   XX 


        ,         ?  ,     ,         .        .  ,     ,         ,   ,      (  ,  2,6  )       ,  1,8          ,   [29 -     .     . 2006 . Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. v.           .           1       ,  2,6         .         .   1,8        ,        -  .   XXI          .               ,          .    ,        ,         ,             .],         XXI .      ,               .         ,       XIX ,          XX .     XIX    ,     ,        ,       ,  ,            .  ,   ,         .      ,        ,       ,    ,   ,        .    ,      ,    -      ,     ,  ,   ,       -         .      ,         ,     ,     .   ,         ,     .

               ,     1850      40, 60    .    ,     ,    .          600 ,       [30 - Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 87, 93.].    1876        (   )  ,    ,   -    ,           ,    [31 - Ibid. . 90 (     8  1876 ).].   :



                ,               . ,   .        45 000 ,        .    ,     ,          ,      .    ,      , ,                .          2500  ,     .     1893       ,                      ,       [32 - Ibid. . 90.].


    ,  ,                1880- :



    ,     ,   ,     ,    ,   ,      ,  -  ,       ,     ,     ,     ,       .    ,   , ,    ,        [33 - Ibid. . 98.].


      ,   , ,      .    ,      1903 , :



          ,    ,    ,   ,    ,       ,     .        ,                ,   ,          ,     .        ,           ,           .    -   ,       ,        .     ,   ,     ,     ,   [34 - . : Thompson B. Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Bradford // Urban Disease and Mortality / eds. R. Woods, J. Woodward. London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1984. P. 141.].


         .         XIX ,             ,                       , -   ,                :



         ,    .    ,      ,    .       ,      ,       .                  ,        ,       [35 - Shapiro A.-L. Housing the Poor of Paris. . 72.    . [          first floor  ground floor . . .].].


     ,                  ,      ,    -    .       1876,   1880-    1903  , ,               ,      [36 -      .               ,         ,                  .      ,       ,      ( ,   ,   ,            ,   ,       1930- )        ,       ,       .    ,    ,      (    )   ,     , .: Calder A. The Peoples War: Britain 1939-1945. London: Cape, 1969. . 43.].  1913          90 %  [37 - Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality // Imperial Germany Social History of Medicine. 1994. Vol. 7. No. 3. December. P. 157.].    , ,        1950-    . ,  ,      ,  ?       ,   1940-     ,     1903 .       ,       ,       [38 - Barnes D. S. The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle Against Filth and Germs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. . 55.   1903          .    ,  1949   57 %         ,   54 %   .         ,     31 %  .].   1975       ,  ,         ,        ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      [39 - Bater J. H. The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality. London: Edward Arnold, 1980. . 150.  ,     1970-     ,               .    ,            ,  ,         ,     .].




 



         : ,   ,       ,     .       .        ,     ,          ,    ,  ( )   .     .           ,    ,       ,         [40 - Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 102, 111-112; Thompson B. Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Bradford. . 142.].  , ,   :        ,       .   ,      ,        ,   .           ,             .    ,  1849            250 . . .          (   ),            ,              [41 - Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality. . 177.].  ,     :        .       ,   ,     ,         .    ,        .        ,     .       ,  , ,       .     - , ,    , ,  ,      ,   .            1880- ,        [42 - Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 110.            ,      . ,   ,     .        ,   .    ,   ,      ,  , ,        .]. ,  ,         ,        .      ,                .   :         ,   ,               ,         ,        ,    .             1892 [43 - Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality. . 170-171.       .   : Richard J. Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg.].

     ,     ?         (),     ,          ,    ,        ,       ,                .      .      ,   . ,     ,     ,        .     ,               ,             .

           ,         1917 .       ,        ,    .            1930- ,            .        ,                  .    ,          ,      .               ,    .  1931               .      ,  -        .  1939   13 ,        ,    ,   1940       3682       ,        2500   .                 ,            [44 -  . . 9226. . 1. . 636. . 52, 53.    2534 ,      (   31  1940 ), .: Sosnovy . The Housing Problem in the Soviet Union. New York: Research Program on the USSR, 1954. . 136.].         ,    , ,   ,    .

      ,         .          ,       50  100 % -     ,         .    ,         .      ,        ,     ,          ,            .                , ?          .       ,      .    ,              - ,        ,  - ,      .          (, , ),           ,    .     ,    .                   ,     :  ,     [45 -      ,              .        ,         .        ,        ,    -  ,   .            :         ,       (  ).]   ,  ,  .         .      .      ,          ,    ,           .             .        ,       :              ,      .            ,        ,         .               ,   - ,          [46 -  . . 9226. . 1. . 636. . 51-2, 54-6.          ,       .    1920      !      (      ),  ,             ,      ,  .       .   ,       1930- ,   ,     , ,            .].

        1945 .   ,   ,            ,      .   ,   1950- ,       ?         .         ,   ,  ,   ,       ,           .      ,              .

 . 1.1           ,      ;     , ,         ,     ,      .

      ?     ,   .          ,       . ,   .    1947       .     ( ,   )   170 . 160 .  [47 - . . 1562. . 329. . 3152. . 25, 35.   ,     1948 ,          18       .].



 1.1

     , 1945-1954 






:  ,      ,      ;      ,       ,       .          ,        ;        ,    ,     .

*            ,      .       ,       ,   ,     .

:

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 4941. . 11, 120 (1946); . 49. . 7373. . 136, 147, 147 . (1953).

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 7685. . 105.

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 4925. . 181, 221.

:  . . 9226. . 1. . 798. . 45 . (1947); . 895. . 94-95; . A-374. . 34. . 1540. . 81 . (1948).

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 6178. . 7.

:  . . A-482. . 52s. . 224. . 84 (1947); . 49. . 3243. . 13 (1951).

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 3431. . 19 (1945); . 49. . 3250. . 21 (1951); . 49, . 8862. . 39. (1954).

:  . . A-482. . 47. . 4960. . 39-40, 43-44 (1946); . 49. . 3261. . 15 (1951).

, , :  . . 9226. . 1. . 932. . 41-5 (1947); . A-482. . 47. . 7659. . 46-9 (1948).



        .

    ,    . ,      ,          ,     ,     ,  ,          .

     .      ,      , ,     ,                     .        2  .

      ,            .    ,      ,       ,   ,         .   ?       ,            [48 -  . . A-482. . 47. . 4925. . 221223.].   , ,   ,        ,      .

     ,    . -,          : ,       ,    .       ,       ,    .




 


.       , , ,     .    ()     1941     .         .  ,           ,    ,     .        ,                .

              ;     ,    ,      ,          .  6 .          ,          .      :  200 ,     1946 ,      14[49 -  . . 4941. . 142-146.].

           .   1946   3,8       4,4 .    ,   1953 ,     4,8  ,            [50 -  . . 142 . (1946); . 49. . 7373. . 147 (1953); . A-374. . 34. . 1540. . 81.    1953 ,          4 .  . ,   ,    4 762 800   1  1954 ;   ,    20 890 600 .    ;  ,     4,39 .  .].          .   1949          ,     1946-.  1946  1953   ,       ,    1,2   1,5  ,            31  29 %.          ,     ,         , ,      ,  ,  ,    ,     ,       [51 -  . . A-482. . 47. . 4941. . 142 . (1946); . 49. . 111. . 64-65 . (1949); . 7373. . 136 (1953).]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=65093781&lfrom=15981740&ffile=1)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Kuhn . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. . 118-119.




2


Guardian. 2004. November 11. G2 section, . 2-4.




3


Davis . Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006.




4


A Dream Deferred: New Studies in Russian and Soviet Labour History / eds. Filtzer D., Goldman W. Z., Kessler G., Pirani S. Bern: Peter Lang, 2008.




5


Belikov P. F. The Fight Against Intestinal Infections. American Review of Soviet Medicine. Vol. 4. No. 3. 1947. February. . 240-241.




6


Ibid. . 241-242.




7


 . .  ,        //  ,      /  . . .  ., 1954. . 31.




8


Szreter S., Mooney G. Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities. Economic History Review. New series.Vol. 51. No. 1. 1998. February. Tables 5, 6.                      ,   1870   .  :            41     1810-   1860- ,      46    XIX .  ,   1830-             12     .




9


Huck P. Infant Mortality and Living Standards of English Workers During the Industrial Revolution // Journal of Economic History. 1995. Vol. 55. No. 3. September. P. 546-547; Szreter S., Mooney G. Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate. . 108-110.




10


 .: Szreter S. Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development // Population and Development Review. Vol. 23. No. 4. 1997. December. . 693-728.




11


            4.




12


Zaleski E. Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933-1953. London: Macmillan, 1980. . 688-696.




13


Filtzer D. The Standard of Living of Soviet Industrial Workers in the Immediate Postwar Period, 1945-1948. Europe  Asia Studies. Vol. 51. No. 6. 1999. . 1015-1016.




14


       4.




15


 ,  1947              - ,     ; .  5, . 350-354.




16


Troesken W. Water, Race, and Disease. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. . 5960, 63.             1  2.




17


         ,                        .        .        1870-        .        ,      .     XIX     ,      ,       .          ,       XIX      ,      .




18


Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years. London: Penguin, 2005.. 118-119 [  : Lindley W.] Oeffentliche Wasch- un Bade-Hauser. Hamburg, 1851. P. 16-17.]




19


Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg. . 178.




20


Shapiro A.-L. Housing the Poor of Paris, 1850-1902. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. . XIV.   :      : , ,       ;   ;   ,     ;      ,     ,           (Ibid. . 15).          .       ,    ,       ,         ,      (Ibid. . XIV).        .         38 %  -    .             ,    40 %  ,       , .: Burnett J. Plenty and Want: A Social History of Food in England from 1815 to the Present Day. 3


 ed. London: Routledge, 1989. . 243, 254.




21


Vsgel J. Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870-1913. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1998. . 159-164; Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1983. . 237.




22


 . --: Jones J. W. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction of Soviet Russia During and After the Great Patriotic War, 1943-1948. Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2008; : Qualls K. D. From Ruins to Reconstruction: Urban Identity in Soviet Sevastopol After World War II. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009; : Blackwell M. J. Regime City of the First Category: The Experience of the Return of Soviet Power to Kyiv, Ukraine, 1943-1946: Ph. D. Dissertation. Indiana: Indiana University, 2005.     ,                 ,    ,      .




23


 1951        - ,           .   ,             .




24


        ,  ,       1950 .         -.  ,       ,       ,       ,      .




25


 . . A-482. . 47. . 157. . 111-128; . : . 114.




26


 . . 9226. . 1. . 897,      .      -     2  1948 .    161     , 90      ,   ,     ,          144 , 42 %      .




27


   .: Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002 [ . .:  .     . .: , 2011],       ,     ,    ; :  . .    1946-1947 :   . .:    , 1996; Late Stalinist Russia: Society Between Reconstruction and Reinvention / ed. J. FYrst. London: Routledge, 2006; Juliane FYrst, Stalins Last Generation: Youth, State and Komsomol 1945-1953: Ph. D. Dissertation. University of London, 2003; Qualls . From Ruins to Reconstruction; Jones J. W. Everyday Life and the Reconstruction; Blackwell M. J. Regime City of the First Category.




28


         ,   ,     5-7  1946 .   .:  . . A-482. . 47. . 4914;   : . 217-219.




29


    .     . 2006 . Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. v.           .           1       ,  2,6         .         .   1,8        ,        -  .   XXI          .               ,          .    ,        ,         ,             .




30


Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 87, 93.




31


Ibid. . 90 (     8  1876 ).




32


Ibid. . 90.




33


Ibid. . 98.




34


. : Thompson B. Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Bradford // Urban Disease and Mortality / eds. R. Woods, J. Woodward. London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1984. P. 141.




35


Shapiro A.-L. Housing the Poor of Paris. . 72.    . [          first floor  ground floor . . .].




36


     .               ,         ,                  .      ,       ,      ( ,   ,   ,            ,   ,       1930- )        ,       ,       .    ,    ,      (    )   ,     , .: Calder A. The Peoples War: Britain 1939-1945. London: Cape, 1969. . 43.




37


Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality // Imperial Germany Social History of Medicine. 1994. Vol. 7. No. 3. December. P. 157.




38


Barnes D. S. The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle Against Filth and Germs. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. . 55.   1903          .    ,  1949   57 %         ,   54 %   .         ,     31 %  .




39


Bater J. H. The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality. London: Edward Arnold, 1980. . 150.  ,     1970-     ,               .    ,            ,  ,         ,     .




40


Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 102, 111-112; Thompson B. Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Bradford. . 142.




41


Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality. . 177.




42


Wohl A. S. Endangered Lives. . 110.            ,      . ,   ,     .        ,   .    ,   ,      ,  , ,        .




43


Vsgele J. P. Urban Infant Mortality. . 170-171.       .   : Richard J. Evans R. J. Death in Hamburg.




44


 . . 9226. . 1. . 636. . 52, 53.    2534 ,      (   31  1940 ), .: Sosnovy . The Housing Problem in the Soviet Union. New York: Research Program on the USSR, 1954. . 136.




45


     ,              .        ,         .        ,        ,    -  ,   .            :         ,       (  ).




46


 . . 9226. . 1. . 636. . 51-2, 54-6.          ,       .    1920      !      (      ),  ,             ,      ,  .       .   ,       1930- ,   ,     , ,            .




47


. . 1562. . 329. . 3152. . 25, 35.   ,     1948 ,          18       .




48


 . . A-482. . 47. . 4925. . 221223.




49


 . . 4941. . 142-146.




50


 . . 142 . (1946); . 49. . 7373. . 147 (1953); . A-374. . 34. . 1540. . 81.    1953 ,          4 .  . ,   ,    4 762 800   1  1954 ;   ,    20 890 600 .    ;  ,     4,39 .  .




51


 . . A-482. . 47. . 4941. . 142 . (1946); . 49. . 111. . 64-65 . (1949); . 7373. . 136 (1953).


