 :     
  


       ,               ,     .    ,    ,             .                   .     , ,       .         ,       .





  

 :     







    


     ,         ,      ,           .               .       ,       .        ?       ,      ?        ,    (. Kelley, 1992)    ,       ?             ,           ,          ,  ,        .

                  .     .             ,       ,     .  ,      ,  , ,     ,     ,     . ,      ,      ,       .

     ,      ,       .        ,    ,  . ,    ,    (coping),    (psychological defense)          .        .       .             ,            ,     .

      ,    ,                .

         ,         .

   (COPING INTELLIGENCE)     ,   (ing),   (psychological defense)   (intelligence) ,     ,     .

           (Stern, 1900, 1925),     Intelligence Quotation  IQ,        .           ,     ,              (Stern, 1909).

   :

>               .

>            .

>         ,     .           .

>       ,   -   ,     ,    .

>          ,     ()    ,     , ,        .

>        ,                   .

>              .

>             .

    ,          ,             ,       .                           ,     .        ,    ,      ,   ,          .

         ,    .           .              .       ,      (1940, 1941, 1943, 19571966),              .                .




 I

         





        ,        ,              .          - ,          ,    .





 1

   


          ,       ,           .             ,     .


    

              coping ( -,  ,   )  defense (,  ,   ,    ,     ).    (defensive behavior)     (Freud, S., 1923, 1946, 1949; Freud, A., 1937, 1944).        defense      -        .  ,         ,    ,         .                  ,       .

 coping          (.artmann, 1938/1957)              ߻ (conflict-free zone of ego).  coping        (T. Kroeber, 1963; N. Haan, 1963, 1969, 1974, 1977; R. White, 1974; V. Vaillant, 1977).                  (R. Lazarus, 1966, 1970; S. Folkman & R. Lazarus, 1980, 1985),           ,    (F. Cohen & R. Lazarus, 1973; . . , . . , 1986).            ,   ,  , ,   ,     .


 

  coping (  cope , ),     ,                 .           handle with (  -), deal with (   -), manage (, , ), resolve ( , , ), problem solving ( ).

   coping    go through (  ,    ), carry out (   ,  ), take care of (  -), achieve (   ), take in hand (    ).   ,     get along with (  -,    -,   ,   -  ).

     ,        (. . , 1980),       (. . , 1995).         (. . , 1988),       (. . , 1967, 1989),     (. . , 1995).         ,    (. . , 1984).            (. . , . . , 1994; . . , 1995; . . , 1995, 2000, 2006, 2007; . . , 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007).


   

          ,    -,     ,     (, 1994, . 4, . 346).                  -,        -   ,  - ,      .  ,      -,    ,     (1994, . 4, . 242).     ,    -   -,      ,    (1994, . 2, . 599).

     . .        ,    , ,   ,    ,      ,     (, 1995, . 2, . 165).  ,        ,     (1995, . 165).   黠     ,    (. . , 1995, . 442).          ,    ,     .

        , , , ,        (1994, . 2, . 599602).

 ,    :

>     ,   ;

>       ;

>    ,      ;

>      ,   ;

>       ;

>  ,    .

            ,    ,           .


   

  ,         (Haintz Hartmann, 1939/1958)     1939      -   ,  1958       Psychology and The Problem of Adaptation,     conflict-free ego sphere,     -   ߻.         ,        .  ,           .    ,               (Hartmann, 1958, . 8).    ,         ,      .    ,      ,         (Ego)     (Id),     - (Superego).       ,     ,   , , , ,           ,      (1958, . 11).

 ,                ,        .              ,          .


     

             c.

   -  c (K. Menninger, 1963; V. Vaillant, 1977; T. Kroeber, 1963; N. Haan, 1963, 1969, 1974, 1977),         (1923)     (1937). C    ,       -,           (tension).

         (traits),          (R. Moose, 1974).         :     ,   .

    -    ,       (R. Lazarus & S. Folkman, 1984).

       .       ,      ,     ,     ,        .          .     -  (problem-oriented coping),     .     -  (emotion-oriented coping),     ,      ,     (Lazarus & Folkman, 1993, . 9).      - -        :      ,  -  ,  -  (Lazarus & Folkman, 1993, . 9).     -       ,    .


     

            ,     ,   ,     . ,  . .  (1960)       .    (. . , 1973, 1992; . . , 1985; . . , 1974)  ,        .                (. . , 1977, 1983; . . , 1970, 1979; . . -, 1977, 1978),     ,    (. .  1960; . . , 1963; . . , . . , . . , 1969; . . , . . , 1981; . . , . . , . . , . . , 1984).

            (. . , 1983; . . , 1983; . , 1987, Hanin, 2001).

  . . - (1983), . .  (1970, 1981)       ,    ,     .  ,     ,     . . .  (1995)     ,   ,  ,  .                   -  (. . , 1976; . . , 1983; . . , 1983).

          . . .  (1988),       ,   ,          ,  -    ,  ,  ,          .

  :

>             ,   (coping)    (psychological defense).             ,    ,           .

>      ,                ,       .  ,         ,    ,         .

>   (coping)                       ߻ (conflict-free zone of ego),             .

>                          .

>             c:

> C   , , ,      -,          .

>  , ,        (traits),         . .         ,     ,   .

>        .             .          :   -,         - -    .

>             ,     ,   ,     .

 :

  (coping);    (psychological defense);     ;   (Ego);   (Id);  - (Superego);  ;     ߻ (conflict-free zone of ego); -     c; -   ; -   .

  :

   (psychological defense)       ,      (Ego)     (Id)    ,  - (Superego).

            (Ego)      ,       .

     ߻ (conflict-free zone of ego)      ,       (Ego)     (Id)    ,  - (Superego).

  (coping)       ,        .

-     c   ,       -,          .

-             ,         .

-             ,     ,     ,      .

          (Ego)     (Id),     ,  - (Superego).

   (Id)                  ,  .

  (Ego)     ,  .

  (Id)      (Id),      (primitive impulses)   (drives).

  (Id)      (primitive impulse)   (drive),      .

 - (Superego)      ,  ,     ,    ,   .

  :

1.          ߻    ?        ߻  ?

2.  -     c?

3.       ?      ?

4.        - ?

5.        ,    .    .     ?

 :

    ?

1.       ____________________________________        .

() 

() 

() 

()   

    ?

2.           _______________________        .

() 

() 

() 

() 

    ?

3.     ߻    __________________________________________________________.

()  

()  

()  

()  

    ?

4.         _______________________________________________________________________________.

()      

()      

()      ,   

()     ,  

      ?

5.  ,     ,   ______________________________________________________.

()       ,    

()      

()      

()      




 2

-      


   -  (Vaillant, 1977; Menninger, 1963; Haan, 1963, 1969, 1977; Kroeber 1963),      ,  ,        . ,  ,    ,     .      ,       .          (regression)    (psychotic level).        fragmentation  ego-failure,         .


      

     (S. Freud, 1923, 1946, 1949)             ,    .          (A. Freud,1937)      (E. urphy, 1962, 1974),  (R. White, 1963, 1974),  (K. Menninger, 1963)   (G. Vaillant, 1977).             .   ,   -               ,       (H. Hartmann, 1936, 1958, 1964).   ,            .  ,         .    ,             ,     ,    ,     ,    (Haan, 1977, . 4).

    -.   ,               ,  ,         -  (ego energy),    ,   .  ,  (H. Hartmann, 1939/1958, 1964),  (T. N. Erikson, 1950, 1959, 1963)   (R. White, 1963, 1974)       ,    .


 ,          

      (Kroeber 1963; Haan, 1963, 1969, 1977) -   ,     (modes of expression).        (coping)   (defense),       ,   (fragmentation) (.1).  ,   : ,   ,    ,     ,   (1977, . 3).

,           ,    ,   ,   (generic processes or mechanisms),   -    .




.1. ,        - (    (Haan, 1977)

       :

1) (discrimination);

2) (detachment);

3)  (means-end symbolization);

4)  (delayed response);

5),    (sensitivity);

6),     (time reversion);

7)  (selective awareness);

8) (diversion);

9) (transformation);

10)  (restraint).

        ,            ,          -.

        -     :       ,  ,            ,           ,            (1977, . 3).

 ,           -,    ,       ,      .

        

             ,          .        ,      (1923, 1927, 1932, 1937),         ,    (drive)   .        ,  ,          .

               .    ,            ,             ,          .          ,              , .       ,         ,   .      .   ,                  ,       (1977, . 20).

 ,    .                 . ,       ,      .    ,           , ,  ,   ,    (Erikson, 1963),   .      -  .   ,       ,  , ,   .

         (Erikson, 1963),             :          ,        (1963, . 273274).     ,                :        ,             (1963, . 273274).

     -

 ,           -. ,  (urphy, 1962,1974) ,         ,    -,          ,   .            ,   ,         . ,  ,      ,        .    (White, 1974) ,         ,       , ,  ,        .     ,      ,  .    ,           ,    .   ,         ,       ,      ,      (1977, . 3).

          -,    ,           ,          .         ,         ,    .      ,     :          , ,    ,    ,                  (. 34).


    

 -    (Vaillant, 1977)       .       :     (mature defenses),    (immature defenses),     (neurotic defenses),    (psychotic defenses).              ,      .           (Grant Study)      (Adaptation To Life, 1977),          .

            ,  ,   ,    .

     :

1)  (delusional projection);

2)   (denial of external reality);

3)  (distortion of reality).

,  ,    :

1)    (projection);

2)  (schizoid fantasy);

3) (hypochondriasis);

4)-  (passive-aggressive behavior);

5)  (acting out).

     :

1) (intellectualization);

2),   (repression);

3),    (displacement);

4)  (reaction-formation);

5)    (dissociation or neurotic denial).

  ,  ,  :

1) (altruism);

2) (humor);

3)  (suppression);

4) ,    (anticipation);

5),    (sublimation).

            .             ,        .

         

 .  ,           ,             ,    .            .   ,        .          , ,        ,     .              .   ,                :        ,  , ,               (1977, . 368).

        

 .         (Meyer, 1926),      .       .            .                ,    ,  .    ,         ,  , ,    ,         ,       .                ,         .

        ,     ,    ,           .      ,  ,    .       , -,    . -,   . -,   ,          .   ,          ,  ,         .         .          .             ,      ,     .       ,  ,     :       ,      (. 370).

       ,      (Claude Bernard, 1986),       1856   ,          ,           (  Vaillant, 1977, . 369).

 ,             ,    ,                 ,      .

         

 .      .          .          ,             .         ,            .            ,             .     ,        .  ,         ,    :           ,        .          , ,   ,     .  ,        (. 371).

 .     ,       .       ,  .    ,               .             .      ,        .     .       .           ,          .              .

    

 .             , ,          ,     .      .             ,     .  ,    ,   ,    .           ,        .   ,     ,     .

   ,   ,   ,          , , ,   .   ,         .    -   ,   .         ,      ,          .      ,            ,    .   :   ,     ,  ,     ,  (. 371).

   ,        .           .  ,  ,            .            ,        .

       ,         .           ,      .              ,    ,    .    !




  -            .           , , , ,   ,   .            ,        ,  ,       .    -,   ,            ,    .

  :

>              (self-deception and deception)     ,    .

>  -       ,  ,            ,     .

>   ,     .       ,  ,    .       -.

>           .     ,    ,     ,   .     -.    (Id)            - ,    ,   .

>                  ,      ,        .  ,    ,  .                       .

>        ,      .     .          ,          .         ,         ,        .

>  ,      , ,        ,      ,      .

>              .            ,     .

>                :

          ,            ;

        .           ;

    .          ,             ;

   ,     ,          ;

             ,     .    ,     ,            .

>    -   ,   .            .

 :

   ,  ;    ,  ;    - ;    - ;   ;    ;     ;   -; ;    ;    ; ;  ;  -;  -.

  :

              .

   -      ,        ,  .

   -                     ,  .

                (Id),      ,     (Id)     (Ego).

 ,  ,           (Id),     .

 ,  ,        -  (ego energy),      ,    .

    ,   ,   .

           ,    .

 -         ,   ,          ,  .

 -       ,  ,   : ; ;  ;  ; ; ,    ;  ; ; ;  .

  :

1.    ,       ?

2.             -?

3.        ?

4.      ?             ?

5.     -      ?

 :

    ?

1.             _______________________________________________________.

() ,     

()   ,        

()   ,     ,   

()  ,     

    ?

2.            ________________________________________.

()  ,      

()   ,   

()    ,   

()     

    ?

3.      __________________________________________________________.

()    

()    

()     

()   ,      

    ?

4.        ,       _____________________________________.

()      

()         

()     

()       

    ?

5.        _________________________________________________________________.

()       

()   

()  ,     

()      




 3

-     


  -  (Menninger, 1963; Vaillant, 1977; Haan, 1969, 1977)      ,  .  (Menninger, 1963),    (Vaillant, 1977)   (Haan, 1969, 1977)     -       .    ,      .


     

 -  (objective-descriptive mode)   ,   (Vaillant, 1977)         .   ,            ,     ,     ,       (. 7).

   ,        ,         (. . 1).      -         ,        (psychotic mechanisms),        (immature mechanisms),           (neurotic mechanisms).       ,      (mature mechanisms).

 1

        -    (Vaillant, 1977)




      (A Glossary of Defenses, 1977)      -,  .

    

        ,    ,      .

1. 

            ,      .                      ,  ,   .       ,   ,          .

 ,     ,            .           :      -     (. 383).

2.  

          ,    .               ,  ,  ,   .        ,      ,    .

3. 

                  .               (. 383).

           ,   ,   :     ,   !,     ,   !,    ,    !.

               .              ,  , ,       ,     ,      .




  .


   .

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