  .  Goldman Sachs     
 . 


 -  ,    ,       ,  Goldman Sachs.   Goldman Sachs  ,    ,     젖  ,   ࠖ   ,     .        ,     ,   ,    .    ?    ?      ?    ,   ,     ,     ,     Goldman Sachs  ? ,      .





 

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 Willian D. Cohan, 2011

    , , .   , 2018



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* * *


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   Goldman Sachs     -. ,        ,       .  ,    ,    ,    .          ,     .

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     ,     ,         ,   . -            ,       ,      .      ,    ,     ,   ,       ,   .      ,           . ,      ,              .

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-    .     ,    ,      ,              XVIII. ,    ,     142-   Goldman Sachs       ,        ,        ,           ,          .

  Goldman Sachs  ,      ,      젖   ,    ࠖ   ,      .         ,      ,      .   ꠖ             ,       ,       ,  Goldman Sachs        .

            ,     Goldman Sachs,    ,      .    -:     ,     [1 - Martin A. Armstrong, Looking Behind the Curtain: The Real Conspiracy, April 9, 2009.],   -,           ,   [2 - Matt Taibbi, Rolling Stone, July 923, 2009.]. 堖   ,   Rolling Stone,    .  ,  ,         : Goldman Sachs            ,   ?

,   XXI.,     Goldman Sachs   .       :          -  ;  1940-    17 ,         .   40         - ,      ,  ,     .     ,   Goldman Sachs,     .

     ,       .     .     :   1932.,          ,      , Goldman Sachs,   ,    .  ,        ,    .     ,     - , Goldman Sachs            .

     , 56-       Goldman Sachs,         ,          .    Newsweek     (The Promise)  ,      [3 - Jonathan Alter, The Promise: President Obama, Year One (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), p. 314.]   ,    ,  ,        $16,2, ,     ,   2007.    .  , ,     ,      ,  :   ,   -,          [4 -  .].

        젖 , ,     Goldman Sachs,            ,   .    ,    ,     ,      ,     ,      [5 -    (. 1930)  ,      ,   ,  19891992.   . . .]       . ,   ,          .    Goldman Sachs   , ,      ,          㠖  ,    ,     蠖     ,      .

  ,      ,      Goldman Sachs,    . ,   ,    .    ,   Goldman Sachs     :  ,      .        , ,  ,            ,   ,                    .


* * *

 -  ,   -,     2007.,       ,      ,          -,        (Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers  Merrill Lynch).        ,  Citigroup, AIG, Washington Mutual  Wachovia.

 Goldman Sachs      ,           2006.    .       ,      , ,   ,         ,     ,  .   .

  2007.  ,    ,                 .   2007.,     ,        , Goldman Sachs         $4,           .

  2007.    Goldman Sachs  $11,4,       $322     -.       ,       2006.,       -.    ,  $70,3.   ,              , Goldman Sachs      $2,3[6 -       27  2009.],       27  2009.     -  2008.         .       $1,1. (   ,   :   3,37   Goldman Sachs,    $570.)

    ,      ,      ,  ,    ,         .   ,   ,    ,                 ,       .        , ,        ,        .

Goldman Sachs  ,           - ,            .  ,      ,  ,          ,             ,       2007.      ,   ,  ,   ,    ,     .  ,                          (,  ,      ),                .        ,     .  ,   -,   ⠖   ,      ,   2007.       ,       .

 ,            ,    Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch  Lehman Brothers,        ⠖ AIG,         :  Goldman Sachs  ,       .    -   , ,                ,         .

   ,   Goldman Sachs,        ,      .     [ ]      ,   ,    (CDO),  ,     ,  11  2007.  ,     Goldman,        .            ,       -           ,    .            ,     ..        30- . (      -, 85,   - .)

         .      Goldman        .      ,      Goldman Sachs   -  Bear Stearns,         ,        Goldman Sachs. - Bear Stearns    ,  Goldman Sachs,    ,          (SEC).

        ,   -.     2007.,    , -   .          .     2007.     ,     $1,5.  -     Bear Stearns.   2007.     ,         -,   Goldman Sachs,    100    .         .

 ,    -  , Bear Stearns         ⠖     ,         . ,    -,     Goldman Sachs    ,    9  Bear Stearns    ࠖ          JPMorgan Chase.    Bear Stearns     JPMorgan Chase   $10    Bear Stearns.     2007.      $172,69,    $20.  Goldman Sachs           Merrill Lynch,    Bank of America       ,     AIG,       ,   $182   .   Goldman Sachs,       ,          ,   ,       .


* * *

,  Goldman Sachs      ,        . ,  -   ,     ,         ,          ,    ,           2007.  .  $500,     ,     Goldman Sachs. ( Goldman Sachs  ,    2008.          $1,7,  ,       $1,2.)      , , ,      2007.,       -, Goldman Sachs      :      , ,         .     , ,     ,     :           [7 -         Fortune 15  2009.].               ,   Goldman Sachs  ,   , ,     .

        ( ),     ,        27  2010.:



:   ,     2007.     ?    .

: ,   .

: .         .

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         ,    ,         2007.    ,  Goldman Sachs         ,  .     ,     -                  ,    ,   2007,   2008 .        .           ,   ,    , Goldman Sachs   $1,2.          ,  ,  ,     .

    ,         ,    2006.,    ,       .     蠖           ,        ,  .    - ,     :   - ?      ,     :  .         ,        .       ,   [8 -    .].

     Goldman Sachs          2006.    .     ,     ,  ,      .     ,    ,    ,  . []    : 堖 ,        , ?    ,    .

,    ,     ,     ,    (     ,     ) ,  Goldman Sachs       .     ,  Goldman    ,         ,       .  ,       ,    ,     ,        . , [Goldman]      ,   .   :  .   ,    .  ,     Goldman Sachs,      ,      ,     ,      [9 -    .].


* * *

     , Goldman Sachs      ,      . 21  2008.,    ,  Bank of America  Merrill Lynch,  Lehman Brothers            (    ), Goldman Sachs  Morgan Stanley        ,               .     ,        ,         .                ,  -    .   .     ,  Goldman Sachs   ,   $5   ,          ( ,      ),    $5,75   .

 , 14 ,                 -            $125.           (TARP),             $700.   Goldman Sachs  $10   TARP,      ,    .       ,    ,           -,        .    ,  -        ,  -   ,  , .    ,       .     ,  ,     TARP,        .

   ,  Goldman Sachs      TARP,       ,     .  ,     TARP,   ,            ,         .      -   ,      ,          .    蠖      2009.  Goldman Sachs (    Morgan Stanley  JPMorgan Chase)    $10      $318,     $1,1 ,              TARP.

     ,            ,     27 .   ,  ,                      ,   [10 -       27  2009.]. , ,  ,                  ,   TARP       .  Goldman Sachs  ,    ,       TARP (          ),    23,15%    .

  ,      . ,     , ,  ,      .  ,   Goldman Sachs           2009.,     $13,2,    堖 $16,2,               -,           ,      .    ,     ,   ,                 .    SEC     ,      ,  Goldman Sachs     ,         .

, ,   , ,    ,      Goldman Sachs   ,    堖  2008.,      . ,  2008.,    [11 -   ,         ( 2008. 27 ). . .],       $47,41,      2008.    $165.   2009.  Goldman Sachs       蠖   $194  .   Goldman Sachs,    ,  2009.   $140,   , ,     ,      2009.  ,   JPMorgan   Capital Institute.   ,   ,   ,     ,    ,        [12 -       31  2009.].

 ,      Goldman Sachs,    -,       CNBC,     ,         ,     Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers  Merrill Lynch.       ,  ,   Goldman Sachs   .        .       $52  $190?  .    ,        ?  , ,         ?     ,      ,       ,    ,     ,   Kesselschlacht ( -       ),    ?    ? ?   [ Goldman Sachs]? ,    ,  .       ,     Goldman Sachs   ,   Lehman Brothers. ,             ,          ,  [13 -    .].


* * *

  2009.   SEC    Goldman Sachs   ,    ,        ,       ,    .   2010.      ,          [14 -         .    . . . . .],       ,  ,     ,     ,      .

      ,    .    -      1981.       . ,     ,        ,     - .  ,   ,  -       ,         .    -    ,        . ,    ,       Goldman Sachs,              41-   43-  ,     .          . ,     .    ,   ,  ,    [15 -    .].


* * *

    16  2010.,         SEC    Goldman Sachs     -          ,     2007.     㠖  CDO (,   ),          .   CDO       ,     .    ,       :  ,  ,  ,     .         ,    ,             .

,  CDO    2007.,    ,      .     -   ,     :   CDO ,         ,       .    ,       ,  頖  . ,     ,   .       .        XXI.       . ,     -      .

   SEC    ,  Goldman Sachs    ,     ,        ,   .  , SEC ,       ,   ,   ,   .     ,      ,   ?

 , SEC ,  Goldman Sachs   -  ,        CDO,     ,          . ,     ,     Goldman,  -  ,    $15   CDO,           ,         ,    CDO,      . SEC  ,  Goldman   ACA Management, LLC,  ,         CDO,       CDO,     .

      SEC      ,        ,     ABACUS 2007-AC1,      83%   ,    ABACUS,  ,       .      2009.   99%       .  ,         $1   .

        : IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG  -  ,  $150,  ABN AMRO,   ,           Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS),           84%   . ABN AMRO   ,    $1,5    96% ,      ACA Capital Holdings, Inc.,   ACA Management,  $951,    ,    .  , ABN AMRO   ACA Capital     ABACUS.    2008.  ACA Capital , ABN AMRO,    Royal Bank of Scotland          ABACUS. , 7  2008. RBS  Goldman Sachs $840,9        .

  Goldman Sachs     ABACUS  $100 (  $15   ),    2007.        ,  ACA  IKB.    SEC ,  Goldman   ,           ,        [ABACUS]   ,         ACA,         ,  -           IKB, ACA Capital  ABN. [Goldman]            ACA ,       [ABACUS], ..           ACA,          . SEC       -      Goldman Sachs                   ,     ,        .

 ,  Goldman Sachs         - ,     ,         ,     .   30   ,      SEC        .  ,      ,  .     ,   .     .

 2009. Goldman Sachs   SEC    ,     Sullivan & Cromwell,         ,   SEC               Goldman Sachs.   SEC    S&C,    ,         2010.,    .    SEC     䠖    16 . ,       SEC  ,          ,   .   !

,        ,   Goldman Sachs,       ,  Goldman        .     SEC   ,     .  SEC     ,      ,      ,      ,     Goldman Sachs.         :         ,     ,           ,             .  , Goldman Sachs ,     ACA,      .        .   ,              ,  .

Goldman    ,   .  2006.  Paulson & Co.    ,             ,  .    CDO,                  .      IKB  ACA Capital (     ),        .   ACA     CDO    26  .  Goldman Sachs           .     Goldman    ,          SEC,           $12,4.

 SEC  Goldman Sachs    . , ACA     : 2004.              CDO  ,   $115      Bear Stearns,    .  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ACA,  .  ,    27  2007.     -,  .           ABACUS. , ,    SEC,   ,   ACA          ABACUS. (       ,      .)          ABACUS   ACA,         SEC  ,  ACA    .

, , ,  12  2007. - IKB     Goldman Sachs  ,   ABACUS    ,    ,  IKB           ABACUS. [] -      ,   Fremont  New Cen [tury]?  ,     ,        (    )          ABACUS.           IKB,    .   ABACUS     Fremont  New Century. (         .)    IKB      Financial Times,       ,       CDO  -.           24 ,    - ,  .     CDO    ,   IKB      .  IKB       ,      CDO    ,  .    - ,        .     - ,        .

   SEC  Goldman Sachs      19 ,     .     , 14 , Goldman,    ,    SEC ,    ,      .        $550,   $15  Goldman Sachs     ABACUS      $535.  Goldman Sachs       ,  ,  ,      ABACUS 2007-AC1   .  ,      ,    ,    ,   ACA Management, LLC,      Paulson & Co. Inc.  ,    ,       CDO. Goldman       ,         .           ,         ,       ,     ABACUS.

      SEC  Goldman Sachs (,    -    ,    2011.   ACA     Goldman Sachs    -,              $120),          Goldman Sachs      .   ,    ABACUS           -   .  SEC  Goldman           , ,    4  2010.,  -.,     .   ,             ,      ,        (  ),               ,  ,         -           ,    ,     ,    .       ,                  ,     .                  .

 ,                  (CFTC), ,      Goldman SEC       [16 -    ( 1942.)      ,         ,        . . .]  1942.      :  ,      ,   .      ,     ,      ,  .          Goldman Sachs[17 -    .].   , Goldman  ,     ,                   ,      .

    ,   JPMorgan, :  ,  -  Goldman      ,         .  Goldman   ┠  ,           ,       .


* * *

  Goldman Sachs  24  2010.,  ,    ,  27           ,    .     ,    Goldman Sachs    ,          ,        .  ,   Goldman Sachs,      ,             ,     ,        24 .         ,            ,           ,   ,               . (            ,              OMelveny & Myers,  Goldman.)

     :      Goldman[18 -     Goldman Sachs,    ,       ( ) 27  2010.   -   :           .    27  2010.]   ,  ,   900  ,      . ,   ,      ,   2007.     ,      ,       $4.

   ,  25  2007.   ,   ,            $373           $322,        $51.  ,  ,  Goldman            ,          .  ,    ,      ,  .     18  2007. ,        New York Times     ,  Goldman Sachs      .                  . ,     ,       .   ,    ,  ,    .  ࠖ      .  ,      ,    .

      SEC,    Goldman Sachs, ,                   26 ,      .  ,       ,     .      ,  -  ,       SEC,    ,     Goldman Sachs.        ,   ,     ,     .        젖  ,       ,   Goldman   Sullivan & Cromwell -      .   ,         .  ,  Goldman   . ,  Goldman       .

 Goldman,      ,                SEC,       ,       ,      .   Goldman Sachs ,          ,     :         . ( , ,   ,   .)

  27    , -     ,              .          Goldman,    : ,  ,    ,     ,  .        ,    .  ,   ,   ,      .           Goldman    .        ?  .       ?   -  ,   :      Goldman Sachs,      ,  -         ,       .    :  ,           ,    ,  ,    ,     ,    .    , ,  ,    -  ,    .


* * *

    Goldman Sachs,    11 ,         ,    ,    ,       , ,   .        :           .      ,       .     ,  Goldman       ,       ,          CDO,     , -     SEC,   , ,   ,    . (     ,             .  SEC  ,    ,    ,    .) ,       ,     Goldman,   11  2007.   ,    Goldman   ,     .

      Goldman.  ,    ,   ,          ,        . ,  Goldman               ,  .              .        , Goldman    .     ,    Goldman  ,    ,      :           ,      .   ,     ,      .

   ?   . ,  ,  ,  ,   .  Goldman Sachs    蠖  ,    .     ,                 ,    ,  .     ,   Goldman   ,         .        , Goldman Sachs ,    .     ,   Goldman     -  ,       ,   ,   .

        , ,   ,  ,   Goldman Sachs     .     ,  Goldman,    .        CDO Timberwolf.   2007.  Goldman   Greywolf Capital,     Goldman,     $1䠖           ,   . ,       Timberwolf,     2007-.  - Bear Stearns     Timberwolf  $400     .  - Basis Yield Alpha Fund  $80   Timberwolf   $100,      $50,    Goldman ,        .  Goldman   27 ࠖ     㠖    .

         . (   ,  - Bank of America,          .)    ,     ໠ ,   ,  ,     ,   ,        Goldman         .     ,    . ,   ,  ,  .     22 . ,       Timberwolf.           22  2007-?

 ,   ,  ,     ,     ,  . ,  ,     ,     씻.    Goldman :              , , ,   . ,    ,  ,  ,  ,     , ,   ,    .     ,     ?  . ,  . , ,   ,      :  ,     ! ,    .   ,     . , []    ,      .

,   Basis Yield Alpha Fund,   , ,   Goldman    ,     Timberwolf ,           . Goldman           Timberwolf,   .   Goldman   [-] Timberwolf   . (Goldman     Basis      .)

           Goldman,          Timberwolf  .   ,  Goldman  ,         Timberwolf.   ,         ,   ,   .      .          ,  ,  ,           ,  .

    ,   Goldman,        :   ,  Goldman Sachs       ,      ?     ⅻ      ,   :   ,          ,  - ?

 頖 , , 頖         : ,      -  ,  . ,     .

   ,   ?  .

,    ,  ,     .

          ?  .

,     ,  .

    !  .

 ,  .

      ,        :       ,      ?    ?

     ,   ,  ,  .     ,           ࠖ ,   , , ,  .         ,     , -       . ,     , ,   ,  ,   :  ,        ,   ,      .      ,   ,    .

     , ,   ,             ,      ,   Goldman  .   ,     ,     .           ,    .      .       .       -.

         (-   )  ,    -   ,         ,  ,   CDO.      ࠖ ,    21  2010.

   .   Goldman         ,        ,      ,   ,    ? ,  ,   CDO ,     ?      ?     ,   Goldman   ,    2011-     $1,5     Facebook,   $50,  ,           ,       $375      ,   ,     Goldman,     ,     ?

       ,      CDO     ,     - .     ,              .      ,  .      ,   ,      锠     .         (   ) ,    , ,  .         ,    ,        -  .    ,    ,     .     ,      ,   .    ,       .  ,  ,      , 蠖    -   ,       .    ,      .

        .  ,     2006-      ,      ,        ,   ABACUS, Timberwolf   ,      .  ,   ,       ,  ,   㠖  ,  ,        ,    .        ,   ,     .   ,    ,          .    ,     .      .  ,     堖  -,    ,   .   ,    -,   ,    ,      .     .

      ,  16  ,  SEC   ,          ,          .   :     ,      .       140 ,    ,      ,   .

             ,     ,      . Goldman Sachs,     ,  .      ,      ,    ,      ,         11     SEC     .

,       Goldman,  ,    .              Goldman          -      Goldman.     Goldman   :      ,     .           .   Goldman            (   ),    ,      .  ,  Goldman      -  ,     Sachs.      ,      ,     .




 1

 


,     Goldman Sachs,    1869.       ,    ,  ,   1848.    ,    ,    .             1848.,    ,  ,  1844.     ,  ,   젖     ,           .

    -  , , ,    ,     (Our Crowd),    , ,   ,         ,    [19 - Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York City (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).].      27 .        .   1850.,     ,     :     -      -.         (  ,    ).      1848.   ,     .   ,   ,         [20 -  .].  ,    .  1860.     ,     ,    : , , ,   .      $6000     $2000.       .

 1869.       -.       ,            .     4  --.         ,       ,    .

      -, 30,   -  .    ,          ,    ,   .      ,      , ,   ,      ,    ,      (        ).     :  ,   .

   ,    .     ࠖ      ,              -    ,     ,      .        .  : ,   ,  .           ,   -                     .            ࠖ  ,    ,       .         (        ,      ,           ),           , ,          .

  ,           8  9%.       $2500  $5000,           .         ,       .  ,            ,    ˸,   .      ,    .            蠖  Commercial Bank  -, Importers and Traders Bank  -  National Park Bank  -c,    ,  ,  .   ,    ,    ,      ,     .          . (,     140          .)   ,         $5  .      5   ,      $250 000  䠖    1869.

   .        -, 649.       䠖     ,         . ,              (1,6)   ,      .  ,    .

 13 ,     ,      (           ),   ,    ,     ,    1880.  $100 000.      .   1882.,    60          $30  ,    .  ,     蠖  ,   , .       ,              ,    ,  ,     1848.,    .

  , ,   ,        .    ,    ,  ,        .   ,   ,              ,  .    ,       ( ,     ;  ,        ).

   .       ,       -,  ,     ,   1871.  59-      .          .          ,   ,   ,       ,   ,  .     ,     ,  .              , ,   ˸.  ,        ,   ,      ,  .

        ,     ,        .      ,      15      .

 1882.,     31 ,     .         .   ,     $15 000,         .          $10 000.  28  1884.    , ,                 .   ,                 .           .  ,    ,      72         (   1980.  96 ),   ,     ,        Goldman Sachs.

                 -, ,  ,   .     M. Goldman & Sachs. ,    . ,   1884.     ,       ,  .      Goldman & Sachs     $1100,        [21 - NYT, March 19, 1886.].       6    .  ,     ,   ,    .      , ,        . ,                 .     Goldman & Sachs           (,        XX.    Goldman Sachs)           ,          ,  ,   ?      ,   ,           .              .     1886.   ,   Goldman Sachs,    ,     .

    ,  M. Goldman & Sachs   .  1885.            ,        Goldman, Sachs & Co. (     Goldman, Sachs & Dreyfus.)        ,   -.       -    70-  .     . ,  ,    74-  ,  ,  ,     76-  .

  1893.      $22,5.  5%  [22 - NYT, December 6, 1893, and December 9, 1893.].       N. J. Schloss & Co.,    ,   . ,     $50 000,    ,    :     ,     .          ,      .

 1894.     ,  .          -, 43,     10     .  Goldman Sachs     $585 000,   䠖 $200 000,     34,2%,   ,         .  1896. Goldman Sachs    -  .   1898.    $1,6   .

           1899.       $1.   ,          $500,    ,      ,     - ,     .     Goldman Sachs   Lazard Fr?res & Co.,      -,      .  Goldman Sachs    :   , , ,            .

    ,      (        ).  1891.     ,        ,  ,             ,   -     [23 - NYT, December 21, 1891.].  7500                 ,   -,     .      :    ,     .   New York Times, ,           , ,   ,        [24 -  .].

     Goldman Sachs       ,     -,    ,  , -,   -,    90   -.   ,         -,         ,       ,  -.          .   ,      ,     ,      ,       .         .            .

      -     堖   , ,   ,    軠 ,   ,  . ˸,         . ,  - ,  ,    -               .             , ,    .   New York Times, 20  1904.  ,       ,       ,   .      Goldman Sachs         ,   .


* * *

,            ,           -.   Goldman, Sachs & Co.      ,      . Goldman Sachs     ,        .   XX.  ,  ,   ,   -   ,    .      ,     .

 ,          -   ,    Goldman Sachs  .      ,    28           -.  ,           ,                 ,       .    ,               ,      . ,            ,      , ,    ,     ,      .                      ,     . ,     2007.           ,       ,   .

  ,         .   ,      ,     : ,           .      ,    :       .         ,   ,      ,       .       .   ,   ,     -   . ,  ,     .        ,    ,              [25 - Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 35.].     ,     .   ,      ,     .          ,   ,       .      젖       ࠖ        .

    ,      -,  Goldman       .  , ,        .      1904.         1905.    .  젖     ,   ,   .           ,    ,    :    ,     .      ,     :       ,     ,       .   1907.        .   -    1907.       :   ,          .          .     :   1907.      : ,  ,   [26 - WSOH, 1956, p. 22.].     Goldman, Sachs & Co.  2  1908.        -,   .            ,   .

 Goldman, Sachs & Co.      ,        ,    Lehman Brothers,   ,   ,       ,  .  ,       ,     ,    Lehman Brothers      1907.

      ,      .            .       Goldman & Lehman,        . ,  ,   ,    ,     ,  ,         ,      .        : Lehman  , Goldman Sachs   . ,         ,     ,   .

Goldman             1906.,  United Cigar Manufacturers Corporation    $4,5    .  3  Goldman         4%-    50     .       ,  ,  Goldman Sachs      .

  .       ,  ,   ,  ,     ,        .        ,     Sears, Roebuck.   1906.     ,         -,       $5. Sears            ,    . ,      :         Sears,      Goldman  Lehman Goldman Sachs:  c Lehman Brothers?   ,        ,   .       ,    (    ),        ,    (       1907.).     IPO,      ,   ,         Sears.  1904.   Sears  $27,6,    $2,2; 1905.      $37,9,     $2,8.  1897.  Sears  $237 000, ,          10 .  , Sears   IPO.

    .  ,      ,  Goldman  Lehman  .       IPO ,    ,   ,  Sears,    ,      .  Goldman  ,         ,     ,       -.     Sears    ,        ,      .    ,          ,   Goldman Sachs      .

   Sears Goldman  Lehman   $30   $10     7%. Goldman   $97,50  .   -    ,     1964.,   IPO Sears.   ,   ,      .         ,    ,     [27 - WSOH, 1964, p. 218.].

,   ,  Goldman  Lehman       .  ,           Goldman      Kleinwort, Sons & Co.    14    ,     ,  Underwood Corporation  1910.;  May Department Stores   1910.; Studebaker Corporation   1911.; F. W. Woolworth Company, B. F. Goodrich Company  Diamond Rubber Company  1912. Continental Can Company  1913.  , Goldman   Diamond Rubber Company  B. F. Goodrich  1912.   Sears             [28 -  , pp. 3334.],   .   Woolworth   Goldman.       [29 -  , pp. 9697.],  .    -  ,          .    .       .  ,       ,    ,  .  -       ,       ,       :         唻.


* * *

    -   ,   ,    . . ,    ,               1913.        -  Goldman Sachs   ,        . , 6     -              ,  -       .  ,    -        ,  -ꠖ   .        ,      -   ,       ,    ,   -         .       ,   ,    -      ,   Goldman Sachs          . ( ,     -,    Goldman.)

            ,    ,   .           , ,         ,     ,        ,     ,      ,        [30 -   6  1914.    -      -.].   ,            .          ,    .

,     ,     ,          ,      .              1907., , ,   ,           .        ,   .             ,      ,      [31 -  .].

  ,  ,   ,     ,                .  ,  ,       1914.,   2008.       . ,   [ ]           ,     ,     [32 -  .],  .

 ,     ,        : ,             .  ,      ,      ,        .       ,  .

           ,    (   ,    ?),         1914., ..    ,     Goldman, Sachs & Co. ,    ,   ,            Kleinwort,  Goldman Sachs   , ,     ,     - ,        .    ,   ,     .

       ,           ,        .          $500,   -        (, ,      1917.).  ,        Kuhn, Loeb. ,     ,   , ,        ,         ,          ,   . ,  ,           ,     ,       Kuhn, Loeb    .        ,   ,            ,   ,        ,  .       .    .

            ,          ,  . Kuhn, Loeb,  ,   ,  .       $500    J. P. Morgan,     -   ,       .   Goldman Sachs      ,                      . ,             . ,      ,            ,       ,  ,  ,         .  Goldman Sachs,   Kuhn, Loeb,          .      J. P. Morgan and Company               ,         ,   .   ,            .

            ,       .  ,   ,       26- .  ,  ,        .       ,          ,  .     .         Kleinwort     ,        ,   . ,    ,  .     [33 -  , p. 39.].     31  1917.,  8      .     ,         ,        ,     ,   !.          (    ),        35       [34 - Endlich, pp. 4243.].

   Goldman Sachs       .       ,      [35 - WSOH, 1956.].         .  ,     ,   ,    ,     .   - ,     [36 -  .],   .       CIT Financial,    ,  May Department Stores,    Sears, Roebuck.    , ,     ,        ,      .

         ,   .         1922.,          . ,    ,   :      ,     -   ,   .  ,     [37 -  , p. 40.].

   ,   ,  ,    .     . ,       ,    ,        ,   .                ,              .    ,          ,  Sears, Roebuck, Woolworth  Continental Can.     [38 -  , p. 41.].         .

     ,        .        ,   .     ,            .   Lehman         ,  - ,            .  Lehman Brothers  Goldman Sachs      ,  ,        ,  .   . ,  , Goldman Sachs    ,        ,     ? Goldman, Sachs,   , ,         ,     Goldman Sachs?     .     ,   ,   .        ,   60   ,    Goldman,  ,     Lehman.   , Goldman   : 41  60    ,   , ,  Sears.

,  Lehman       ,        Goldman Sachs       .        ,    : , , , , .  ,     ,  ,   ,       .     ,    ,     ,       1912.

      ,  ,  ,   .     [39 - WSOH, 1956.]       Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron            .             ,     ,      . ,      ,  ,   ,    ,     -,         .    .




 2

 


     ,  ,         .  1901.   ,   1904.   . New York Times    ,            [40 - NYT, January 1, 1968.].  1907.    Sullivan & Cromwell,        -,  $10  .      ,   1907.,      ,   .   ,     ,    .

  1907.,        , Milliken Brothers,       ,   Sullivan & Cromwell      ,      $6,5   $3 ,   . Milliken,   -,          -    -,       ,   ,  .    Milliken,    -  $1,35,    .     Milliken       ,    ,                -     .        ,   1907.        .

   ,  ,   -,           Milliken,           .  1909.       Milliken,      ,      .

  1910. Central Foundry,   ,    ,   , ,   ,        ,  , ,   ,   [41 - NYT, February 13, 1910.].       Central Foundry.    ,      .          ,    ,        ,     .      Central Foundry    ,     .

         ,  J. P. Morgan & Co.,     .      -         ,   Time.     ,  ,  ,    .          , ,  ,   [42 - Time, September 14, 1925.].   1917.     Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron,   ,  .    1917.                        .

              .         ,       ,  Milliken Brothers  Central Foundry.  ,  ,  ,          ,     .       ,   -  .    , ,       ,   ,      [43 - NYT, January 1, 1968.].           Pollak Foundation for Economic Research    ,     ,     ,     ,       .     ,  ,          .     ,     [44 -  .]. ,  ,       XX.   :   [45 - Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 44.].

   ,   1  1918.   Goldman Sachs.    ,      .      :     ,       .    ,        [46 - WSOH, 1956, p. 43.],   .      .  ,  .      ,  .      .   ,       ,   .              .        ,   ,  , ,    ,   , ,     ,        .     ,       .


* * *

     ,       ,   Goldman Sachs  1920.      -, 60,     $1,5 12-     -, 3032,      ,     .

   Goldman Sachs .       [47 -  , p. 44.],  National Dairy Products Corporation,     Hydrox  , Sheffield Farms  -  Rieck McJunkin Dairy Company   (    Kraft Foods).     ,     General Foods Corporation (   Postum Cereal Company, Maxwell House Coffee, Jell-O   ).     ,      ,   Goldman Sachs    ,   Goldman     .

         ?     Goldman Sachs.                ,     .     ,     ,        ,   .      ,           .      ,     . ,  ,       .       ,    :        [48 -  .].

   ,     .    ,    ,  .       [49 -  , p. 45.].        ,    , ? .  ,    ,    ,   ,  .  ,  ,   .  ,      ,     ..,     .   ,         .  1928.    Goldman,      .        ,        ,        .   :     ,      ,     씻[50 - John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929 (New York: Mariner Books, 2009, paperback reprint edition), p. 43.],           (The Great Crash[51 -  . .   1929 . : , 2009.])       .  ,    Goldman         .


* * *

   ,  ,   .        XXI.,     1920-.      ,   ,     ,           .   ,      ,   .   ,         South Sea,    [52 - John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929 (New York: Mariner Books, 2009, paperback reprint edition), p. 49.].  ,  , , ,     ?10  ,       ,    1714.          South Sea Company        .    South Sea  6% ,   ,      .       ,  ,  ,     .      South Sea,   ,      ,      ,      .     ,  -    [53 -  .].

      Goldman Sachs,    ,    1928.,   ,   South Sea Company   XVIII.  ,     ,  .      ,      [54 -  .].        -,      .        ,        ,         ,        . ,         ,     .         ,        (   ).  ,      ,      .       -,  Fortress Investment Group  Och-Ziff Management Group (      Goldman),        ,      .

       SPAC       ,      .       , ,  ,    ,         . ,   -          ,       ,      .         1920, 1980  1990- .     XXI.   -    .     ,       ,     IPO,      ,        .      ,    , ,  ,  .     ,    .

 ,  Goldman   .         1880- .,       ,           .  ,          , ,    ,      ,         ,  .          ,  [55 -  , p. 47.].           ,     ,  -    ,       .

      .   ,   SEC 1921.   40  .   1927.      160 ,   140    .  1928.   186  .   1929.       ,      ,         265.    ,      ,    , IPO      ,    ,    ( , , J. P. Morgan & Co.),   . ,      ,      ,       . ,        .  ,  ,            ,  ,  ,      ,     [56 - Warren Buffett, Chairmans Letter, Berkshire Hathaway 2001 Annual Report.].

  1929.  ,    State Street Investment Corporation,         ,    Atlantic Monthly  ,   ,    .  ,     ,  :   ,             ,          .   ,           -  ,      .   ,      .    : 1) ; 2)   ; 3) .

       ,         ,       2008.          .  ,       ,         .      ,  .     ,            .     ,      . ,        .           .  ,  ,     $100,          $800  $1000;         .

,       ,   Goldman Sachs,  Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation. , Goldman    ,     4  1928., ..        ,       .      ,  Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation   [57 - Galbraith, p. 60.],  . ,          ,      ,    .

   .    Goldman    Trading Corporation  $100   ,  , ,  $100,     90%    $104  .     $93,6,   $4      .    Trading Corporation     125 000    $126  ,  $15,75. ,  100 000  Goldman     .   Goldman          10%,           .   Goldman Sachs      Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation,       Trading Corporation   .

 2  1929.  Trading Corporation   $136,50,  7     $222,50, ..      ,       ,  $100.            Goldman Sachs[58 - Galbraith, p. 61.],   .


* * *

   ,  Goldman          .  , Goldman Sachs     .       1932.   ,      1929.,   Goldman,      Trading Corporation    Trading Corporation  Financial and Industrial Securities,          ,    . ,   1929.       ( 1934.       ,          ),           ࠖ     Trading Corporation       .

     1925.       Financial and Industrial Securities Corporation.             , ,   ,      ,  32%  Manufacturers Trust Company,    -.    45%  Financial and Industrial Securities Corporation.   1928.     ,  Manufacturers Trust    ,  Goldman  - .          ࠖ [59 -  ࠖ  (Glass Steagall Act)   1933.,      ,    XX.     :       ,               . . .],      ,   .      ,       Goldman       Financial and Industrial.     32%  ,       [60 - Trust, p. 589.]  .              Financial and Industrial - ,       [61 -  .].

     , 4  1928., Goldman  Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation     Goldman          10 .  ,     : , ,         [62 -  , p. 590.].     Goldman   -    :   Trading Corporation   .      ,   Trading Corporation     Goldman, Sachs & Co.     ,  ,  Goldman, Sachs & Co.      [63 -  , p. 591.].  , ,      -      ,             ,      [64 -  .].         Goldman.         , Goldman Sachs & Company        ,        .   ,     - ,     ,        ,  Goldman Sachs,     [65 -  .].

  IPO  Goldman  100 000  Trading Corporation,    $1, .. $10  . ,        $104, ,    Goldman,  .   Trading Corporation       -,    IPO,  Financial and Industrial  49 000   $102  ,     $5.

  ,  Trading Corporation     ,    IPO         .    ,     Goldman,         ,  ,         ,        Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation  Goldman, Sachs & Co.[66 -  , p. 592.].

     ,         Financial and Industrial.  ,  Goldman           ,     Financial and Industrial,          ,    Goldman.   ,    :     ,    ,  Goldman?    ,  Manufacturers Trust , ,       [67 -  .],        ,  ,           1929.  ,       [68 -  .]  ,   . ( ,    .  1929.,    Goldman    Financial and Industrial,      Manufacturers Trust, National Liberty Insurance Company, Baltimore American Insurance Company  Peoples National Fire Insurance Company,       ,     Goldman     $20.   1929.   Liberty Insurance  Baltimore American      Manufacturers Trust Company.    1929.        24 ,  Goldman.)

  1929.    ,       ,   :     .        $60   Financial and Industrial, ,      /      ,   Goldman,                  . (  ,       ,     ,  ,      ,    ,         .    ,    Berkshire Hathaway      .)

  1929.  Trading Corporation   $139 (,   IPO)     $108  , ..  /  1,26.  Financial and Industrial     $143,      $80  ,    /  1,78.           ,      ,     ,   Financial and Industrial  ,   Goldman.      ,   ,    蠖    ,    ,   ,              ,     ,     Goldman,      .

 ,      頖         ࠖ    .     1929.    .    ,  ,  ,      [69 -  , p. 596.]  .   , ,   Goldman,  , ,  , ,  Goldman Sachs       Manufacturers Trust     National Liberty,        Financial and Industrial,      .   ,     ,                .  , -      .      ,    1929.   ,       Goldman.   ,            .         ,     .          ,    [70 -  , p. 597.]. ,    Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation     ,       ,       1929.

     3  1929.   Goldman Sachs        .    3  Goldman  4,4%    ,  ,   , 16,6%.     ,    Goldman.   ,   10 ,         Goldman,      ,       .       Trading Corporation,        .

 ,          ,     . ,     , Goldman   ,     [71 -  , p. 599.],                ,       ,      ,    ,     ,   ,            .     ,         Goldman       ,   ,   50-           Financial and Industrial[72 -  , p. 600.].

     ,       3       Trading Corporation,   $68 (   ),       Financial and Industrial,       $145. ,     .

        ,       Goldman Sachs,     Trading Corporation,    Goldman,   ,  ,     Trading Corporation.      ,     Trading Corporation      .    Trading Corporation       ,     Financial and Industrial.       Trading Corporation        Financial and Industrial.  Goldman     ,      Trading Corporation     ,  ,  .

     3 ,     4      ,   ,      Trading Corporation  Financial and Industrial.    Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation ( Goldman Sachs)  Delmar Capital Corporation (  ).    ,        Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation  Financial and Industrial Securities Corporation     ,           [73 -  , p. 610.]. ,      30 ,           Trading Corporation.        30 ,   ,         . Goldman            ,      . (      30 ,       Goldman.)

 ,   ,     ,             ,  . Goldman -   Trading Corporation,     ,           .        Goldman      . 2 1929.   Trading Corporation  $136,50.         .  4             [74 -  , p. 611.]  .

 Trading Corporation    11 ,   ,      $175  , ..   40      .        , Goldman    ,     ,     53 000 ,   54%    .     $178  .    Goldman   42 300 頖 76%   ,    ,      $179,625. Goldman         Trading Corporation.    ,    Trading Corporation   $221. Goldman  $33,325    Trading Corporation,   4  64%           ,       Trading Corporation      . -     Trading Corporation    ,  3      ,  ,        .              (    Trading Corporation      $4,5,       $117,5).

   7        , 11    ,     Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation   1125  ,     Financial and Industrial,          ,   21 .  Goldman     ,    Financial and Industrial     Goldman.        Trading Corporation,    ,       . ,   Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation          ,   ,     Financial and Industrial Securities Corporation,   ,               ,     .                  ,        ,    [75 -  , p. 623.].

     ,      ,       Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation,  ,  -             21    .           $50 (      )    頖   .       ,    :         , .. $25. - ,  ,  ,    ,   .        :    ,     ,    ,         Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation.           ,       ,        .   ,     ,        [76 -  , p. 625.],  .

  21       , Trading Corporation  2,25    $235,    Financial and Industrial Securities Corporation,     $117,5. Goldman       ,          .        Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation[77 -  , pp. 62627.],   .      ,      ,    [78 -  , p. 613.],   .

  ,      ,  .

  ,  ,       ,     ,     ,               , ,   ,    $220        ,  [79 -  , p. 614.].

       Goldman.         Goldman, Sachs,     [80 - Galbraith, p. 61.],  .    1929.   Financial and Industrial  ,    -       New York Times       , ,      [81 - NYT, April 4, 1929.]       .   ,  ,         .           ,  .      -,   ,  ,       ,   ,   ,   ,      ,   .


* * *

  26      Goldman    .      Goldman  Shenandoah Corporation,       $102,5. ,             ,    Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation  . Trading Corporation  2  5  Shenandoah,   Goldman       . Goldman   Shenandoah  $17,50,           $36  , ..   100%  .  25     ,       $142     Blue Ridge Corporation,        Shenandoah.  7,25  Blue Ridge,  , Shenandoah  6,25, ..  .    Goldman Sachs     [82 - Galbraith, p. 62.],  .

    ?   New York Times,      Blue Ridge   Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation   $500[83 - NYT, August 20, 1929, p. 84.],   ,         ,   Shenandoah       . Blue Ridge    ,          ,     21  -   ,     AT&T  General Electric.      ,   ,     ,    General Electric,  Blue Ridge,      General Electric.    -  .    Blue Ridge   Goldman, Sachs  $1 (   $1,7)             -   .    Shenandoah  Blue Ridge      ,  .     ,      .       ,       [84 - Galbraith, p. 64.].

    ,   ,      Blue Ridge,  ,     .            ,   ,    Blue Ridge.  - [85 - WSOH, 1956, p. 49.],   ,      ,    .       -,       (     Plaza)   , ,   ,   ,  ,      .     .  , ,  ,      [86 -  .].

   ,  Goldman   $10    $3    Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation.     Goldman   .       .

,    ,      :      .       .   .  ,   . ,   10  11  ,     .     .   .   ,   .  -  .     .  ,   - [87 - Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 7274.].  ,   -      J. P. Morgan  -  ,       .     ,  .  ,   ,  .     .       .            .  ,    ,  ,       ,   .       ,  .   ,  -   ,  .   ,    .        ,      .          .    ,     .

       1929.    ,   ,  ,   [88 - NYT, February 28, 1930.].      ,    ,    ,   1930.  [89 - WSOH, 1956, p. 46.].      -  :   $20 ,            $10.           .       $50,     ࠖ    $20   ,   .      ,   .

     ,    .                  ,  Goldman      $50?    ,  .     ,   .   ,          [90 -  , p. 46.          .].    :    ,   ,      ,   .

  ,         ,   ,     ,   ,     . ,     ,   ,  .   ,   ,  .          .        ,  .     Century,  ,            [91 -  , p. 47.].      Chicago Club    .    ,        $50   ,     .   ,      ,          .      26 ,  ,     [] ,    .   . ,     ,        ,  .    ,    -.

    Goldman     -  .   ,       Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation        ,     ,     ,   1930.     .       910  ,  .   ,        4 .    ,      .      Trading Corporation    $32 (      $326),  ,  1931.,  $1,75  .  1  1932. Goldman     Atlas Corporation,    ,   Atlas     Trading Corporation,    Trading Corporation     .  Atlas  Trading Corporation   1932.    Trading Corporation Atlas  ,   , .     ,   ,          Atlas Corporation[92 -  , p. 48.]. -    ,     .      ,   , ,      .

       ,  .   ,   1929.     ,   ,   ,   ,  ,   ,   . ,      , ,   ,  堖   .    1930.,             ,       .        1930.,     ,      .       ,  ,  -          ,     .

 ,  Time    [93 - Time, August 21, 1933.],     -  ,     .   ,      ,  ,           ,     .   ,       ,   [94 - WSOH, 1956, p. 49.].    $13,     $250 000 ,      .        .    ,    ,     37  .        .      Trading Corporation, ,        Goldman Sachs.

 ,    Goldman      ,      ,     .          ,   .      .    ,          Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation,         United Corporation.  J. P. Morgan and Company, ,     .        [95 -  , p. 50.]. ,  ,  Goldman      ,  .   Sullivan & Cromwell  Goldman      , ,    [96 - NY, November 10, 2008.]    1968.,      .

          .    ,        ⠖ $100,   ,         .     2009.,    Saturday Night Live  ,  Goldman     ,   ,     .       2011.,    Goldman  Facebook, ,  ,    SEC,      ,     500 ,   : , Goldman!   - ,     ? ,           ,      .

 ?    .

    :   Goldman Sachs[97 - NYT, July 29, 1969.].




 3




  ,  Trading Corporation   ,      ,  Goldman Sachs     ,      [98 - WSOH, 1956, p. 51.].   Trading Corporation   -    ,   Warner Bros. Pet Milk Company  -.  ,         Ⅰ  . ,  ,   National Dairy  General Foods,      [99 -  , p. 53.].      Goldman Sachs.    Fortune,     1929-  Goldman Sachs  -      [100 - Lets Ask Sidney Weinberg, Fortune, October 1953, p. 174.].

             ,   ,             . ,     ,      2006.,       -     .      ,  .        ,        .     ,    [101 - WSOH, 1956, p. 81.].   , ,  ,              Trading Corporation,        , , ,        .

   ,   1935.,   .       ,   .  ,  -     :      .   렖  ,     ,   1932-, 1933-        [102 -  , p. 52.].

 ,      젖 National City Bank, Guaranty Bank  Bankers Trust Company,      ,      :                -.      ,  .  ,   ,   ,    .     .    .     [103 -  , p. 82.].         1935.     -      .       ,  .        ,   ,      .      .        .

Goldman Sachs     ,      . -,   ,       ,        [104 -  , p. 53.],  .  -, , ,  ,     - ,      .  1907.     ,           -.


* * *

    New Yorker   -.    [105 - E.J. Kahn Jr., Directors Director, NY, September 8, 1956, p. 39.],         163, ,     .  ,     ,     Goldman,      1956.,      ,    ,   , -,            .      ,       -[106 -   (18701965)  ,  ,      .          . . . .].    -     ,        .     ,       ,   ,             .

    12  1891.       -   (-) ,   New York Times,   [107 - NYT, July 29, 1969.].     11      ,  ,   ,    .  - ,      90       [108 - Time, December 8, 1958.].       ,        ,          .     ,           ,   -. (,          ,   .)        .     [109 -   (18321899)  ,     ,       . . .],      ,   [110 -   (18091865) 16-  ,            18611865.,    .     . . .].

 1905.        John H. Jacqueline.    [111 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 62.],      Charles M. Schott & Co.,     De Coppet & Doremus.   ,       ,        , , ,    .      ,      ,   , [112 -  .],  . . -. (           .)

      1906.,       13.     , ,   ,     .   ,  ,   ,       .        ,  .     .        ,   ,    ,    [113 - NYT, July 29, 1969.].  ,   1953.,     30   ,       ,    ,           ,   [114 - Fortune, October 1953.].        ,               , ,  ,                     ,           .

   ,              :       13.   ,      State Street Bank       (             Atlantic),    .   (,   ,    ,  -)  ,               ,      25 .   ,       ,  :  -[115 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 60.],    ,     -.      ,      .       ,   1954.    ,     -  ,      ,     ,        21  52-  ,      13     ,     .    ,   蠖  ,   [116 - Fortune, October 1953.],           -.

,  1907.      $2      [117 -  .] ,    ,     .    ,    -,       .       ,       .    ,      J. S. Bache & Co.,      -.   ?[118 - NYT, December 16, 1967.]  .      ,       :          .   ,          $5   (        $10),    Trust Company of America,         .     23 ,     ,     .      .      ,       -[119 -  .] ,  , ,  .   ,        Trust Company,       .     25-    -, 43,          堖      .    ?[120 - NYT, February 8, 1942.]  .

     ,   Goldman, Sachs & Co. ,    ,    ,      .  ,            $3  . ( ,    ,      .)          ,         .            .           [121 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 65.],    ,    :    ,         ,         .       -, 43,           .

,    ,    ,                   138- .  -     ?      .    [122 - NYT, December 16, 1967.].         堖         .   ,    ꠖ ,    ,        ,      .         -   ,    $50. (  ,    .)  ,   ,       $25,       - . , ,  ,   .  ,   ,    - ,   .  ,  Goldman Sachs   ,    [123 -  .].           .      ,     - ,   .       ,    젖   [124 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 65.].    : Goldman Sachs           $28  .

              ,    . ,     ,   -.        .   ,    .         :     ,    .     .    , , .        [125 - NYT, December 16, 1967.           .],         .     -   ,  .         ,   .             ,     13[126 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 66.],  .

      Goldman      ,      .        [127 - NYT, December 16, 1967.],  .    ,    Goldman            $28         .               ,   New York Times.     ,            .  1920.       ,    .           -,   1923.        -,       .       $5000  .      頖  . -.      [128 -  . ,  ,    (Deerfield Academy)      912 ,   1797. . .],            ,                 .

      Goldman Sachs   -  蠖           .    $104 000        .   1925.       -    Weinberg & Co.,         , ,    ,     .      ,    1926.    Goldman Sachs   ,             .         -,    New York Times.      ࠖ $100 000.    ,    [129 - NYT, December 16, 1967.],  .        :    1928.             -.

        , , ,   ,    ,   -  ,    Trading Corporation Goldman Sachs.      .    ,  ,      Fortune,        Trading Corporation,      [130 - Fortune, October 1953.]. ,          Greenbrier   --,   ,        [131 -  (. caddy)    ,           . . .],   .   ,    36,  : ,       [132 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 69.].

  Goldman Sachs     ,      .          . ,       -    젖          .                 ,  ,      ,     .   ,    1967.      .         ,  ,        [133 - NYT, December 16, 1967.].     ,   ,      Goldman   .         ,      18          , ,         Goldman Sachs.

    -          .          ,           ,         ,      .  ,     堖  1933.,      ,    20-  ;         ,      .          ,             ,      ,   .           ,        ,        .        ,     ,         , ,          . (    2002.    ࠖ [134 -  ࠖ 蠖   30  2002.         ,                  ,      . . .],     ,    .)

    ⠖   [135 -   (18911969)  ,       Lehman Brothers. . .],   [136 -     (18981979)    ,    Lazard Fr?res,   Societ pour la Vente ? Crdit dAutomobiles (SOVAC)     .     ,         ,      Lazard Fr?res,       . . .],   [137 -   (. 1928)  ,       . -  1970- .  1997  2000.     . . .],   [138 -   (. 1936)  ,    31     Morgan Stanley,     19911993.   ,  19931996.   Smith Barney,   1996.      Greenhill & Co. . .]        ,          66-   -.      -,     ,   ,        31 ,        35 .    ໠          Goldman Sachs,          .   Goldman Sachs,    ,  ,     ,        蠖  .

        ,      . ,  1931.     B. F. Goodrich Company,     ,  ,        ,          .           ,     Goodrich    .   J. P. Morgan,        ,              .    -,             ,    [139 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 42.].   Goodrich     ,     -,       ,     ,  .

         .   Goldman ,   ,     , ,  ,      .   Fortune,       [140 - Fortune, October 1953.]      ,     蠖  ,  ࠖ     -   ,      .   ,      -,         1932. -    ,    .  ,    ,     [141 -    (18881969)     .     . . . .]    1932.[142 - Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 7274.].           蠖     .     ,          ,           ,    1932.,        [143 -     . 9 1932.].   ,           ,       Goldman, Sachs & Co. : ,     .

     12  1933.   ,  ,                .            .   ,  ,    ,  , ,     [144 -     . 18  1933.],            ,     ,      .       ,     .      [145 -     . 23  1933.],     .    ,      ,      ,     Chase National Bank.   ,        ,     ,  .        Goldman   -, 30,  ,     [146 -     . 6 1932.].

      ,      , ,   ,        .  ,        , ,    ,     .   1933.     11   .       ,            ,       ,  .       蠖   (,               )  ,    ,       ( ,  ,  ),  ,        ( )   .            ,     ,       ,  .

    -      . ,          McKesson & Robbins Corporation,   ,   .  ,       .         ࠖ  ,        .      1919.  Adelphia Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company,                        . (     .)

   ,   ,    ,  1925.       ,   Adelphia,  McKesson & Robbins    ,    ( ),           [147 -       McKesson & Robbins . : The Greatest Frauds of the (Last) Century, a monograph in the May 2003 issue of New Accountant USA.].     ,        ,      ,     W. W. Smith & Co.   McKesson & Robbins  .       ,     0,75%   ,       $21 (    ).      W. W. Smith & Co.       ,       McKesson     .      13 . ,  -   ,      :   McKesson & Robbins  젖   [148 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 48.].         .

   1938.       .    ,  McKesson    W. W. Smith & Co.      ,      Dun & Bradstreet (D&B).       D&B,  ,   ,   ,    D&B.   6  1938. SEC     McKesson  W. W. Smith & Co.    McKesson  .     .         .  ,  ,      ࠖ  .      . ,   ,      .        McKesson & Robbins,         .     , ,    , :   , ,         [149 - Fortune, October 1953.].

        ,       ,     McKesson & Robbins  $600 000,  $75 000    .    ,         .        SEC   ,     /,                   [150 -  .],  Fortune.   SEC ,         ,  ,            , ,  ,        [151 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 48.].

              ,       ,   Goldman Sachs.    , ,       ,     1956.   .     ,  .     ,   .        .      .          . ,       ,      [152 - WSOH, 1956, p. 122.].      ,     McKesson & Robbins.   ,  90%           ,  .     Goldman, Sachs and Company,         .       ,  ,       .

  ,       ,       Goldman Sachs   .      蠖           ,      Fortune.          ,      .    ,    ,          ,    ,          .  ,   ,     ,  . 㠖      ,    ,       -.       Goldman Sachs   ,         ,      [153 - Fortune, October 1953.].

          ,      ꠖ   ,  ,    ,         .              頖  ,         ,  ,     Goldman,   - ,         .   ,    ,     .        ,       ,       Goldman      Trading Corporation           .   ,     ,     ,  Fortune   1953.                   .       Goldman Sachs.           ,      .            ,           .


* * *

,          ,   .        ,    (          ,      ),         .    ,      .  ,   ,   ,     [154 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.]          [155 - BusinessWeek, January 27, 1951.].

    -,   ,        Goldman Sachs           ,   .                  1932  1936.      .   1933.                ࠖ           .   1935.         -   , -,   ,          Jefferson Islands Club   .             ,      .    -   1935.  .   ,            ,      ,        ,  New York Times.

  1937.      ,         .        .     ,         .  ,       ,     ,     ;           ;   -  ;     ( ,   , -)  .      .     ,   ,   [156 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.].  ,        ,            .

  ,           ,   ,         .   1934.  ,  ,     Sears  IBM,             (SEC).

 ,           .   1938.              .               .      ,      .     ,       .  1938.  Goldman   ,                .     ,          ,        ,   -   ,  ,   .       ,                            . ,   ,       ,       ,    .    , - ,        [157 -     . 5 1938.].     :     .       ?[158 - NYT, November 16, 1967.]

   5  1938.   .    ,            ,                ,                 .  ,   ,       ,            .     ,            .

                 -.   1936.,           ,   -      ,           ,     [159 - WSJ, February 1, 2010, Amity Shlaes.].  ,      -,  :     .      1936.         . ,  ,                  ,   -   ,   -.     ,  .     .    [160 - Terkel, pp. 7274.].

   1  1939.    ,      , ,      . ,    :        .         ,  :              .

      頖  ,  , ,  ,          ,   ,    ,     ,       .       ,   ,         [161 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.],     ,   ,            .          ,  .     .  ,           .          [162 - Terkel, p. 73.].       ,         ,   ,               .    22  頖 ,         ,   ,  27    449  531   .

         ,   ,  . 20  1940.     ,     Lehman Brothers,         .             ,      1941.              .                $1     .     軠  2008.        (   ,       , ,   ,   Goldman).

 5   ,          -  Sears, Roebuck (    ,      Sears),          ,      , 15 . ,  ,        Goldman Sachs   -        12  ( Sears).            ,         - [163 - WSOH, 1956, p. 12.].

  ,       ࠖ       Harvard Crimson   , ,   [164 -  .],         ,     . ,      ,      -,             .      .    ,       ,     ,   ,  .       ࠖ  --,  -렖    ,        ;         ,  .

             1932.       ,      [165 - WSOH, 1964, p. 154.].     ,     ,     .  ,   , , ,       ,   [166 - WSOH, 1956, p. 14.],  .       :        .  ,         ,  .           [167 -    ,           (. . 11:1519, . 21:1217, . 19:4548. . .).].     ,   ,     [ Dewey Ballantine], ,   [ Chase Bank],       .     ,       .

 ,      .         -  1929.  ,    ,      [168 - WSOH, 1956, p. 15.],       -,  ,         ,    .   ,       ,    -,             ,            ,     ,      .        .

,   ,   : ,   . ,      ,      ,    -   [169 -  .].    ,     ,      ,     -,       Goldman Sachs               .

           ,       ,        .       .  Time     ,      -,      .   1942. New York Times      ,       , ,      ,     .             Goldman     ࠖ  ,    ,   ,     ,     ࠖ     ,     Goldman, Sachs & Co.. (     ,    ,     [170 -     . 30  1942.].) Times  ,          ,       .

                    ,         .  ,       ,    ,      . ,      ,     ,      .    ,        ࠖ  ,     .      蠖   ,   [171 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 52.].

      ,        ,     ( )      ,       ,        .   ,   [172 -  , p. 54.]   ,     ,   ,     .    .  ,   .   ,    .       .

  ,           .  ,         ⠖ ,          ,        .      .    , ,     ,     ,              .         ,      .       ,        .        ,     ,   ,         ,      .

  ,       1942.        ,   ,  General Electric.           .      GE         .  , ,   , GE          ,  ,    ,      ,        .   ,     GE,            :    .     ,       GE,  ,           .  .     .          ,   .   ,  -   ,            ,       .        ,       .

 1943.         .    ,   New York Times,     1    ,       .     -ꠖ  Goldman.

        ,      , .  5  1943.    ,   -      (OSS)[173 -   ᠖     ,   1942.           . . .],              OSS  ,     .   , : . Р 11/5/43    .        -蠖   ,    ,       .                  . ,  OSS,        ,        .    ,  ,   Goldman Sachs      Perella Weinberg,  ,          ,     ,   -   .

         , ,    ,    1944.    ,      -.       ,  -   ,  11 .                ,       .  ,     .  ,            .       ,        .    ,       .  ,          ,     .

  ,  ,   Fortune,   ,            [174 - Fortune, October 1953.].    ,  .   ,         ,   ,     ,    .  31      .          ,   .   ,   ,        ,       ,           .    ,     [175 -     . 31  1944.].                .         ,  .        .        .       ,  ,         -[176 - Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 45.].     ,   1946.,                   .


* * *

       Goldman    75-  .    ,   Pierre           .     Goldman  11 ,     ,       , ,   -.   蠖          , Goldman    -     ,    ,  .

,   ,    .      .  ,              Brook  45-  ,           ,       .

   ?  ,   ,    .

,    ,  .   ,     .

    ?  .

   ,  Brook   ,  .

 ,  ,    ,             ,      .        .

       General Electric    .     1945.        . ,      .         ,   ,   GE    Goldman Sachs.

          .  1950.           ,      .        GE, ,     ,  ,       .     ࠖ      .    ,    ,  .  ,  ,  .  ,  .     .    .         ,      .

   ,     ,     .        1950.,      ,      .      ,            .             Shoreham,         .          ,  ,        ,  Fortune.    ,  ,        .      ,     ,    ,  -        .

 1952.              ࠖ .   ,         .        ,     ,     .    ,        ,     2.30   ,      .     . ,     ,       ,  .    ,        ,     [177 - NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.].

    ,   ,      .  ,     ,  ,   ,  .        ⠖  General Foods, General Electric  General --     ,   .   :    ?     .         ,   -,    .

      ,    ,  ,      . , ,          ,       .  1950.            Continental Can Company,        1930.  ,   1952., ,       Commodore  -  -       .     ,      ,      Goldman  -, 30,         - . , ,      ,    ,          ,      Commodore  42- . (,     , ,  ,  $5  .)

    ,       ,   .      .          ,    ,      . ,   ,      [178 -  , p. 50.].    14-     .    :  [179 -   (18901970)  ,       .         M. A. Hanna Company,     .]   !  ,   ?   ,         唻.   ,    ,    ,   ,   ,      .        ,     .    ,       .              .   ,   ,  . ,            堖    , ,   -        ,   ,    -    .    , ,              ,     .         .




 4

 


     Goldman       ,  ,     .        ,  ,     15 .    ,   Goldman     ,     .          Goldman Sachs     .

  ,       General Electric  1945.,          ,            Waldorf-Astoria    -.   ,       ,  ,       ,  GE        [180 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 40.].      -, ,           .   .       ,      ,   , , ,   ,      .      ,  GE     , ,   ,     ,      .        ,     .

      ,   ,            . ,  1953.     GE      GE      ,     ,   , 75-  .  [181 -  , p. 39.],  ,    ,        ⠖      蠖   ,        .       ,     ,   ,  ,     .

 ,       ,          .    ,         (, ,     ),       .  ,             ,      McKesson,                 . ,       GE           ,            ,      .    ,        ,      .     ,    ,     .      ,     ,   ,   .  ࠖ      [182 - Time, December 8, 1958.].

  1956., ..  11       , Goldman   Morgan Stanley     General Electric   $300.     ,      ,   .      ,  ,      ,     [183 - WSOH, 1956, p. 56.].   ,  General Electric   Morgan                          GE.


* * *

            ,        c   Goldman Sachs.  1949.       Owens-Corning Fiberglas,   Owens-Illinois Glass Company  Corning Glass Works,  ,       ,  -.              , ,  ,        ,     Owens-Corning Fiberglas.   ,      ,   Owens-Corning Fiberglas     ,       . -  84%  Owens-Corning,             ,  ,    .

,     : Owens-Corning , ,  ,      IPO.         Goldman Sachs  IPO,      .      -       -      [184 - Fortune, October 1953.],           Owens-Corning. ,    ,     :         -.        , ,  Goldman Sachs   ,          Owens-Corning.          ,    Owens-Corning     IPO.

     Fortune     ,        Owens-Corning         .     ,       :      ,  ,   ,    Corning Glass,   ,    Owens-Illinois,             ;         ,    ,  -       Owens-Corning,        .       Owens-Corning,     ,     .  ,           General Foods,                .     Owens-Corning  ,   ,  ,  Goldman     General Foods.   ,     .      Goldman Sachs, ,   ,   , ,  ,   ,      ,     .  ,        ,     Goldman Sachs     IPO.     , ,     ,      ,  Fortune.

  Owens-Corning    -  ,  ,    ,     ,    , ..   IPO   50%      .      Owens-Corning,   84%     젖 Corning Glass  Owens-Illinois         50%.           .        ,  (  )   -  ,     50  20%   ,   ,     (Owens-Illinois  Corning Glass)      ,  .     IPO    20%  ,   .        IPO  $25,2,   $15,5   Owens-Corning,  堖  ,   $866 000   Goldman Sachs   .   ,   ,     IPO: 蠖         .    Owens-Corning,     ,      ,       [185 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 47.].


* * *

  ,    1953.    -    IPO  Ford Motor,   ,     Goldman Sachs  ,             ,   .          ,            ,        ( , ,   ),        蠖   .    ,   II,      1945.,      1947.,           (BAC)    .

     BAC.     1933.        -, , ,    ,           .           䠖     ,      , -    -  . (         ,    1955.      ).

     II    . ,     ,           .  Dearborn Independent,        700 000 ,         1920.,     ,      .  ,        ,       :    (The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem).       ,    .    ,   Independent  .    ,          .    ,    ,      ,      .       , ,  ,     ,   .   ,             ,     ,          .     ,     ,    ,  ,  .       ꠖ   .                   [186 - Henry Ford, The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem, .: Dearborn Independent, May 1920.][187 - . :  .  . : RUSSIAN BOOK&ART, 1925. URL: http://www.rusprav.org/biblioteka/ford.htm. . : http://antiquariy.ru/book-491.html. . .].

  ,  ,  1943.   -.            ,        II      .       II  1947.       -.    -    ,  Ford Motor Company   IPO      .

   ,    -.            - ,  ,    IPO.       , ,    1953.        Goldman Sachs       IPO,   II    .     ,   .     . ,    ,         .      ,      .    ,    ,  ,      ,    ࠖ       ,      , ,      ,            ,      .

IPO  Ford      Owens-Corning.       ,   88%  .      -    2% .  10%    ,            ,       .  ,    -.  New Yorker,       ,               ,     [188 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 64.].              .    ,     -  , ,        ;  , ,          ;  ,            ; , ,   [189 -    (Internal Revenue Service, IRS)   ,           . . .],         .

    50      ,    ,    ,    . -           ,       .            ,    -:    ,   蠖   [190 - NY, September 8, 1956, p. 66.].  Ford  ,    ⠖  .       ,       [191 -    (18321888)  ,            . . .],    . (          -.) ,        ,   ,          1,74% ( IPO        $60).      Goldman,  ,   ,    1950- ., ,   . Goldman       IPO  ,      ,      (,       ).

      IPO    1955.,                -           ,         [192 -  頖 ,     VIII      1936. . .].     ,     .       - ?[193 - Charles Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 58.]   . ,           ,                        .          , ,         ,            . , , ,  ,   ?![194 -  .]  .        .     , ,  ,   ,   . ,       ,      ,   .

9  1955.   ,         Blyth & Co.,     10,2  Ford, .. 22%  ,  ,       IPO   . Goldman     ,           Goldman   .     Goldman,   ,  $9,2,   1954.        $27.    IPO  Ford   $64,50  ,   17  1956.   $642,6,    $15,3,  .    722  ,  ,  ,         100 .       II       . ,         ,  .        -      $70,50, ..   9,3%.

   ,        ,            Goldman.       [195 -  , p. 60.],    .    ,   ,   ,    .      ,  Goldman.

  1956.         Ford Motor Company      ,     .        Cadillac  Oldsmobile  General Motors,       . ,         Goodrich  Sears (        ,   1953.                   Sears).             Cadillac,  Oldsmobile       Lincoln  Mercury  Ford Motor Company.


* * *

    Sears      . ,      IPO  Ford,         ,   Goldman       Sears   $350.        1921.,         .   New York Times     [196 - NYT, September 10, 1958.],           .     ,     Goldman    ,  : ,       .            ,     . ,    -    Goldman   .   ,  , :        .

   Goldman Sachs   -  -, 30,  , [197 - NYT, April 1, 1957.]   -, 20,       -  .   Times,        16  ,          ⠖      1920     .   -       Goldman   ,             ,  .   ,    ,    ,          .      100


, ..         ,   -.


* * *

  Goldman           (        ), ,    1947.       [198 - The involvement of Goldman Sachs in the antitrust suit is from the Corrected Opinion of Harold R. Medina, United States Circuit Judge, civil action no. 43757, filed February 4, 1954.],     17     -.     ,   19151947.        ,    1915.             ,           [199 - Medina opinion, p. 8.].   Goldman            ࠖ     Morgan Stanley & Co.,    ,   Goldman   ,       -     . ,         ( , ,   Merrill Lynch & Co., Lazard Fr?res & Co. Halsey Stuart & Co.,       ),       Goldman.

 ,  17    ,                             .   -       ,      ,   ,                           ,     ,      - []      ,    .

    ,   ࠖ  1933.     16  1934.    .   ,  Goldman Sachs,       .        ,        .   ,   J. P. Morgan & Co.,       . J. P. Morgan          .

 堖            ⠖      Goldman Sachs   ,        -,  -   -.   , ,     17  -     -,        , ,       .

 ,        40 .          1954.   ,     ,     ,        SEC       (ICC),         .  ,       417-   ,    ,  :       .


* * *

 ,   22  1953.                ,          17  .    ,       ,          .   , 14 ,      .                XX.,  ,   ,    .      ,   ,    ,    .   .    ,        [200 - WSOH, 1956.].

      .   ,       .    ,      .         :    -  蠖  -   렖            ?    ,       ?

 Goldman      ,    ,        . ,         -,       ,    Goldman.  ,   -         ,     1117    ,    1935  1949. ,   140 ,  12,5%,   ,          .   ,     140    Goldman, Lehman  Kuhn, Loeb    ,            ,                   ,    [201 - Medina opinion, p. 170.].

 ,  50      Goldman  27 (55%)    ,         Goldman Sachs,     17 -[202 -  , p. 171.].    ,           .

              Pillsbury,     ,     Goldman  Piper, Jaffray & Hopwood,     ,   White Weld[203 -  , pp. 329346.].     .  Piper,  Goldman       Pillsbury. Goldman    .   , Goldman  Piper   Pillsbury 1927.,       . ,   ,  1934.,  Pillsbury     6%-     $6, Goldman  Piper ,       ,    1935.   .

   ,     White, Weld          ,       .         ,          ,     White, Weld   ,   ,         .

 Goldman      ,               White, Weld.

-     White, Weld  .    ,        ,   ,        .       ,  .   , , ,      ,     ,    ,          ,    White, Weld,       , ,   .   ,     White, Weld, ,    ,         ,        Pillsbury.         .    ,      ,     ,    1935.,    ,    Goldman Sachs        ,    Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation,     .

  .          ,  Goldman  Piper -   White, Weld. , 8  1938.   ,       ,    ,        ,  Equitable Life Assurance Society,    Pillsbury ,     .      Goldman  Piper:  Pillsbury    Equitable,    Equitable   ,  Goldman  Piper      .   ,   ,     Equitable,                    .     ,        ( ),         .

        Equitable      Pillsbury.  ,        ,  White, Weld    ,      Pillsbury  Equitable    Goldman  Piper, Jaffray.   Goldman  Piper       Pillsbury     ,   1939.,            .  ,        Pillsbury     ,     G. S. & Co.,          ,     .            .

 ,   1944., Pillsbury    .   White, Weld    ,  Goldman  Piper   .

   White, Weld        75 000 ,     2000 ,  2,7%.   10-       ,     ,        ,   -.    ,   ,  .


* * *

                蠖    18   Goldman  Lehman Brothers,    [204 -  , pp. 312316.].       1920- .,   1926.      ,           .

        .  ,  Goldman Sachs  Lehman Brothers       XX.    XXI.        ,   ,   ,     ,    ,    -.

        1926.,      Goldman   ,  Lehman Brothers,  ,        ,       ,    .       1951.,               .       ,        1933.              SEC.

   Goldman, Sachs & Co  6  1936.    Lehman     , ,   , Goldman     .    ,   1920- .,  :  ,           .       ,  Goldman  Brown Shoe, National Dairy  Endicott-Johnson,  ,    ,          ,            .        ,    , ,         ,        -      ,  ,   ,     .   ,        ,       .         .

   Goldman  .       ,    ,           , , ,  ,      .  ,      ,     ,        ,       .

       18  1936.,   ,    Lehman Brothers,    ,   National Dairy Products Corporation,      ,                Goldman Sachs    .    Goldman  Lehman  -   Cluett, Peabody,  Goldman   .

        1951.,  ,       General Foods              .      ,  ,        ,      , , ,      .        General Foods   .   ,  ,         General Foods.

   ,     Lehman  ,          .  30  1938.    ,    42 ,     Goldman  Lehman,       ,           .    :   ,    National Dairy.   軠 Goldman  Lehman   ,                    ,  .           ,   [ ].       ,  1  1939.,     .          ,    ,     B. F. Goodrich  1945.   Goldman  Dillon, Read   Lehman.

  ,  ,   ,  Goldman  Lehman     32 ,   ,           ,         Lehman Brothers  Goldman Sachs       .

  ,     ,                 ,       ,     .

     1505    -,  ,    ,  , 렖   ,         ,           .           ,         ,  .          .

       .      ,    Sullivan & Cromwell,     ,     Goldman Sachs, ,    ,       .  ,    ,              ,             .

,  , ,   ,       Goldman Sachs         .      ,      ,  . ,        1920.,   ,          , ,    .     ,       .    ,      ,      ,  Goldman, Sachs & Co.    .

 ,      ,        Goldman Sachs,       .   1948.            ࠖ   400     .

        ,    Goldman  1948.  ,       ,            ,     ,  .              ,    .       ,          -,       ,     ,    .   ,    ,    :  , .    , ,   ,           ,          蠖    . , ,        ,      .

 ,  Goldman    .   ,  ,     ,            ,   ,    ,           ࠖ       .  ,  :    ,         [205 -  (Glengarry Glen Ross)  1984.               .   . . .],      -       ,     .  Goldman  :       -ࠖ  , , -  ,      ,            .

,           .        , Goldman     .  ,  Goldman          ,  ,   Sullivan & Cromwell,           Goldman    .     $75    Michigan Bell Telephone   1948.?       ,    ,  .    . Goldman           AT&T   $150.   ,    .          ,  .         Pure Oil   1937.,     Bethlehem Steel  $48       Reynolds Tobacco Company   1948.

      ,     ,        , Goldman Sachs           .           Merck.         ,   1919.,          ,    ,       .     ,     Sullivan & Cromwell,       ,   ,           .             Goldman Sachs.  1920. Goldman     ,       .            Merck ( 1930.      ). Merck    .

        젖   May Department Stores Company.        1919.               -,     May    .   May     Kaufmann Stores    -  ,    .   ,   Kaufmann    May,        ,  .            .          May   ,  May          .      -.,      ,   .          .  ,  ,         ,     ,  -.

    ,  -.        -,    ,      ,    .      ,   :      ,      ,       .    .      ,       ,      .

  ,  ,   ,     , ,         ,       .         . ,       May Company  Goldman              ,      .         ,         .        ,    ,   ,       .   Goldman   May    , ,   ,     ,     Goldman   ,        .

,       ,       .  ,                 ,  -              .     ,     Goldman,      ,      .             $50  .    ,  Goldman    ,        .        ,  ,      ,    ,       .        ,   ,    .

,    頖       ,  :      ,      Goldman, Sachs & Company   -         . !

    ,      ࠖ  , , ,      .   ,      ,  ,    ,      -            ,         頖   .

,       Goldman Sachs     ,   Goldman   ,     . ,  1930.     ,     Dillon, Read & Co.     May Department Stores         . Dillon, Read     Commercial Investment Trust (   CIT),               CIT. (,   CIT       ,   .)      May,        CIT,   -.

  ,  1935.,      Goldman,           Brown Shoe Company     -,      .    Stifel, Nicolaus & Co.  Brown Shoe         ,  ,    . ,   ,  ,       ,  .    ,   Brown Shoe Company     ,    - .  ,          ,      ,     ,        ,   ,    .        $4.   Goldman   Lehman   Stifel, Nicolaus.

  1951.,            ,       .

  [206 - WSOH, 1956, p. 92.]       Goldman.       ,      ,  , ,         -,  ,  ,     .  ,   ,         ,  .               ,          .   ,         [207 -  , p. 90.].   ,         ,    :      .   ,           Goldman     .       ,  ,             .

    -    ,   309      .     24 000     6 .     108 000 [208 - NYT, September 23, 1953.]. -       (  New York Times $6;  ,     $3).    First Boston   $1,  Goldman,    ,  Sullivan & Cromwell $700 000 ࠖ         $6,      . Goldman           [209 -  , p. 91.].  : []    ,   ,  [ ]   .   ,            ,      ,  ,    ,    [210 -  .].

Goldman Sachs   .        ,   ,     ,         80%,      .              .       ,        .       ,   ,   ,      ,        ,       ,   ,  ,       蠖   ,    ,     ,       .      ,       .

  ,  -          .     ,         ,        ,                  .    Goldman,  ,     ,    ,    ,           ,        , ,               -      ,    ,  ,  Goldman      ,   ,        .


* * *

  ,          ,                  . ,                  [211 - WSOH, 1956, p. 103.],  .

 ,   ,    ,          𻠖    ,   .        ,    ,  .         [212 -  , p. 104.].   ,        -   ,        ,   ,      ,   .      .     ,     ࠖ ,    .     ,     .

 ,          -[213 -  , p. 105.]      . ,     .        .       .         .   ,    Goldman       ,      Goldman,      .   ,        Goldman, Sachs and Company,          .

 ,  Goldman        .  ,     ,  ,  ,        .     :    .    :   .    ,      ,    [214 -  , p. 106.].

        ,        [215 -  .],     1956.  ,   .     ,  ,             .       .  ,  .   ,    ,      1929  1930.      .      .   -   .     ,        ,  ,      .  ,   .   ,    1929.  :                 .    - ,      :          ,    [216 -  , p. 109.].        Goldman  $6,5         .      Merrill Lynch ($11,4),   Wertheim & Co. ($10,6)  Loeb, Rhoades ($10,3).  Lehman Brothers  $9,9,  Bear Stearns  $6,9    Goldman.   Goldman    Lazard Fr?res & Co.,  $6,447. Morgan Stanley  26-     $2,9.       .      ,     ,      ,          .      ,      腠  .         ,            .  ,       .      .    ,  ,      [217 -  , p. 95.].   , ,       , Goldman       .     .

    1956. ,      ,            ࠖ      ,       Goldman Sachs   50   ,       ,       ,   .




 5

   ?


1 1957.,   Goldman      -, 20,       New York Times         ,     .  ,   ,  New York Telephone,       ,   120  ,               ,        .       .     13  Goldman       .          蠖 47-  Goldman,              . ,       180,     .         ,     Goldman Sachs   .                 [218 - WSOH, 1956, p. 68.]        ,       .

   ,    ,        .     1910.        ()    .        ,      ,      .      [219 -    .],   ,         Goldman.

  1924.      47 .         ,      ,      .       ,    -   [220 -  .],      .   ,            ,      . ,   ,     酻,  .        ,      ,    ,        .      (The New Crowd),   1989.       -,       ,         .     ,        [221 - Judith Ramsey Ehrlich and Barry J. Rehfeld, The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989), p. 30.].  1927.        ,       ,        .      ,          .      ,     ,  .    ,   .              [222 -     .].           1928.   -,   .         .       [223 -    (Young Mens Hebrew Association)     ,   1854. ,    -. . .] (YMHA)   92-   -    ,      $2  .  ,   :      $2.  $2   ,     [224 -    .].

    -     -,      1928.   [225 - NYT, June 4, 1961.],      Times  1961.    렖   , , ,   :      -   ,         . (           Lehman Brothers.)      Newborg & Company,     ,               .       - ,           ,   -  .     New York Times,     ,          1929.     [226 -  .],  .    1930.,           ,  20-            .

 1931.      Newborg  ,        Pringle & Company,    -,         .    ,         YMHA. ,    ,  ,  YMHA      .            ,       .  1933.  ,   Goldman,        Trading Corporation,      $27,50  ,  $1400  .     ,   Times,    [227 -  .].    Goldman      ,      ,         ,   ,       ,            .          .      ,  .         ,   ,  19351945.  Goldman    .     頖   .

       -  ,     ,      Lazard,      ,    1969.  ,     [],  ,               .

     ,          ,              [228 - Ehrlich and Rehfeld, p. 31.].     ,         ,     ,      , ,               .     ,      .         .     頖     ,   ,     .        ,  . ,                ,        ,   ,    ,   [229 - Celler Commission Report, Conglomerate Merger Investigations, 1969.].   ,              ,        ,      . ,  ,    ,                    .

   ,       Goldman,   1930- .     .                [230 - Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 74.],   ,      ,   ,               ,      Trading Corporation.     ,            ,  Times, -    ,      ,   [231 - NYT, June 4, 1961.].

      ,                     ,   Goldman Sachs  .     ,     [232 - Roy C. Smith, Paper Fortunes: Modern Wall Street; Where Its Been and Where Its Going (New York: St. Martins Press, 2010), p. 86.],      .     ,        ,          ,       (           ),       ,       .      Goldman   젖  $9   1950- .  ,  ,     ,  ,      ,   .       ,   ,  , ,       . ,   1967.  ,  $100 000,     ,    Goldman   1927.,    .         ,  .     .     ,     [233 - NYT, November 16, 1967.].

 ,   -    () ,       Bear Stearns & Co.,      ,     -.       ,      堖             -   .

      Bear Stearns   -,      .  ,     ,     ,          ,   .    , , 蠖  .         ,       ,  ,     .   ,        .   .      .    .    [234 -    .].    ,              ,       .    ,     ,   ,       .  -     ,      .          , , , -  .      5    .    ,         .  ,             ,          ,      -.    ,      ,       .

       .         ,       ꠖ     ,        ,   ,             ,      .

  ,   ,   ,      ,               ,         ⠖       -     .        ,   ,          .    ,        ,  ,    . , , : ,      ,    ,      .     ,  -   ,   .

,                ,   . ,       ,   ,    ,        .

 1941., ,     ,      .       ,          .         .   ,            .          Stinson Voyager.  ,       .     .     ,   ,     New York Times,  ,    32,   .              [235 - NYT, June 4, 1961.].        26 .

  ,                ,       .        ,   1945.,         ,    ,        -,    [236 - WSOH, 1956.].  1  1946.    .  ,    1933.  , ,               .       ,    .    ,       ,        1940- .        ,   .      ,   [237 - Ellis, p. 75.].

         Goldman      ,  ,   -.,  ,          .   Goldman        1933.,        Missouri Pacific Railroad.

 Missouri Pacific   23          .              ,           ,           .         ,      Missouri Pacific.      Goldman Sachs   ,       -,   Times,  -        [238 - NYT, June 4, 1961.].    ,    ,    ,     .           !          .     ,      .    ,      ,   ,  ,     .   ,      1933.,   ,     Goldman, ,   ,   .

Times ,    ,     Missouri Pacific,          ,             .       ,       ,    ,    ,   ,   .                  .          ,    堖   ꠖ      .

      ,      Missouri Pacific        Goldman Sachs.          :       Allegheny Corporation        .        Allegheny        ,    Goldman      . (   ,   1970-,  Goldman   ,        .            ,    ,    [239 -     // Institutional Investor, November 1973.],      Institutional Investor   1973.,    Allegheny     .     1963.       Hunt Foods     1964.     ,         ABC    100 000   .)

Allegheny      蠖  ,         1942. Times           [240 - NYT, May 3, 1973.].

        Allegheny    : ,        New York Central Railroad,     ,         Investors Diversified Services, Inc. (IDS). Allegheny   51%   B  Missouri Pacific (.. ,    ),  $20  Webb & Knapp, Inc., ,  .     ,  Times,       [241 - NYT, May 24, 1961.]         1954.    New York Central Railroad.      -.       800 000  New York Central        .      .     (  ,     )  1955.          Allegheny  IDS,         IDS.

   1958.    ,       -.   60  ,  ,      ,    1957.,      Allegheny.    ,       10 ,     . ,    , ,        [242 -    .: NYT, January 26, 1958.].         Allegheny.  1959.       , ,    IDS        ,    -   - .

  ,      IDS 47,5% 頖  Allegheny.        IDS 17%.  ,   ,      Allegheny    $3. ,        IDS,    .    ,     $10,2       Allegheny.  ,         .  ,     ,        IDS    .     ,       IDS.

           1960.           Allegheny.   Times    ,            ,   [243 - NYT, June 4, 1961.].  ,        2  9,8  Allegheny (蠖 3),         , , , Goldman Sachs.    1961.     Allegheny           .            .

   Allegheny,           .   ,  ,   $300,         .

, 67-               ,  -,     ,  ,        ,        Allegheny.     -  31%  .   ,  $10,5      Allegheny,               .    ,   5,9  6,7  .   New York Times  ,     ,  : .  .   ,      1961.     .    [244 - NYT, July 5, 1963.].


* * *

 ꠖ         Goldman    1952.,     .                    .       .      ,     ,       .

           -,  ,   ,        -    Peltason Tenenbaum Company.   ,   .      ,  ,   ,  .          [245 -    .].  ,          .

      ?  .

,      ,  .

  ,    ,  .

      ,   1943.       .            ,    10-  ,   ,         .          40 .   1945.      ,    [246 -   .:  .].       - ,  .        [247 -   廠   ,  ,        . . .],  [248 -   ໠     . . .]   [249 -   ໠     ,       . . .][250 -   .:  .].

               .       (        18 )     -    .      ,        ,       PGA Tour.    :   .         ,  ,  ,  [251 -   (19122002),   (19101983),   (19122006),   (19121997)     . . .].    .

   ,      Goldman Sachs,         ,            Goldman Sachs.      1  1953.,  .  ,     .   : ,     ?  : ,    .  .   ,   . -       ,      ,      ,     ,   .    . ,       ?  .      ?  .

  ,            -   - -.  ,   ,      Goldman.        $3  ,           ,       .  ,     ,   ,        ,  .   ,          .       ,       .     Goldman Sachs    ,    ,       -.     -     ,  .       .   $250 000300 000  .       .

 1959.              ,     .      ,      ,        .  ,    ,    ,  .         : ,   .        ,    .    .         983  -    Century Country Club   ,  -,     .

          (        ,  ),      .              ,  .     ,   ,  -   ,            Goldman,                 ,    .     ,  .       ?       $40 000  ,   1,5%    Goldman,    ?  . , 1,5%  $150 000 [      ]  $40 000  .     $250 000300 000 .      ? -       :    .    堖     .  ,        6%.          .     .     .           ,       .

          ,    -,             ,  :  ,      .     . ,    $40 000,     .          $30 000.             [252 - Institutional Investor, November 1973.].   ,  Goldman         ,                     .            ,  .

,     ,  ,       -    Goldman,      .    40 000,        -, 983,    ,  .    ,        .

         .   ,  .   ,        ,             1,5  2%, ..   33%.     ?  .  ,      ,  .     ,  ,        .      .   .       .  ,        .  :     ,      ,  .         .

    Goldman        .      ,       頖   ,    ,  ,     ,     ,         .     ,      .    :   ,      ,  . ?  . .   ?  . ,     ?  . .   ,  ,   ?  .        .    ,       .

     ,        .   ,   ,      ,  ,      ,    .    ,   .

  ,   ?  .    .

 ,    ?  .

,  .

 ,     ,  .


* * *

,      ,    1950-  1960- . , ,  ,                     Goldman.            ,       ,       :        .    ,      ,   ,           ,  .            .          -:            ,  ,         ,      .          ,        ,        .           Goldman.

  -  .   ,     ,   .       ,   [253 - Smith, p. 86.].  ,                .          ,       .      ,  :           ,   ,         .     ,    ,     ,      .    ,     ,    ,  , ,   ,  .      ,    .    ,       ,     .      ,      ,         ,          ,   ,     .             . ,  ,   .         - ,       ,     ,  ,   ,  10 ,  ,   ,  ,    ,       .

       Goldman Sachs  ,         -       .         ,   ,         -,      -      ,    . ,  1954  1955.          -,     - . (    .)

 1955.        Plaza,           $18,1 ,  $2,5     .     -      ,      .  ,           ,       ,        - (    ,  Goldman).   Times,        ,  -         .      ,                      . (        .   1956.      Bond Club           Sleepy Hollow Country Club.)

  1957.                  . ,      .   ,      .        ,   ,   .      ,  .     ,   [254 - ࠖ               -   165.  .. . .],   ,      .     -[255 - -ࠖ     ,       1213 . . .]  - [256 -    .].

,     ,        ,       ,   .      ,         -:  ,                  .    ,       ,       . , , -, !  ,       10  15  .      $5000.        , .    ,        ,       .         ?[257 -    .]    ,   ,   젖    ,     .

     ,     ,       ,    Diebold, Inc., Pacific Uranium Mine Company  -,  , Witco Chemical Corporation, Inc. New York Telephone Company.           Goldman,  , ,        Goldman       .

 1960.   Goldman,      ,     Christian Science Monitor,     .   ,   ,   : -,     - ,  -,  Goldman   ,        .      ,           1960.     ,   1869.   -  ,       ,      .  ,     1960.  Goldman   500        ,    ,     1959.           $2,    .         Sears  $350  1959. IPO  Ford   $637  1956.

 ,     ,   頖   - ,     . , ,          200   ,     .        蠖       .     ,        ꠖ    AT&T     Studebaker-Packard Company.

   Studebaker  .   ,  , Goldman         $11  30 165    Studebaker,          1         $11  .      蠖   600 000       $12,50     400 000     ,       $2  ,  $2.       1961.,                ,  .  ,    Christian Science Monitor      ,    ,      ,   ,     $2      - ,     .       ,   IPO  Ford    $1,         .


* * *

  1960- .       .   1961.  Bnai Brith        .      -  ,   ,            .                 . .   -.

  1961. -                ,         ,       ,          .  SEC ,         .        -    , ,   ,  軠    .   ,   1961.   1962.,                ,         1962.

   ,          ,    16-    Mount Sinai Hospital.    Mount Sinai     ,   Mount Sinai School of Medicine,    ,     $154      ,     Annenberg Building   --, 1,  -,    Mount Sinai .    .

  1963.      -  . ( 1950.       .)      -      25    ,       .        ,        33 ,    -[258 - NYT, May 25, 1965.].   ,     ,      ,   ,      ,       ,           . ,        :   ,        ,   .        [259 -  .].

  1967.         -  .   ,  ,   ,     .    ,     ,               .           ,   ,    -.      ,   [260 - Ellis, p. 91.],    젖  .   , ,   ,      .        ,  .        Goldman Sachs.     1977.       ,     Goldman   -  .      ,      ,  .  ,      -   ,  ,   .         Goldman Sachs,      [261 - Institutional Investor, November 1973.].  ,  ,        .  ,              Goldman Sachs    ,  .    , , ,     .     -, ,        , ,               .


* * *

    .      05:30  15- .     ,   -   .     [262 -  .]. (    ,    .)          :     .         ,       .       ,   .  Times  Wall Street Journal,   7:50       Goldman.      ,  , ,     ,       .     蠖  8:30       -   .

,     ⠖  ,       .     ,  .          .   ,    ,     ,         .         .        ;   ,     ,  ࠖ    ,   .         ,  ,       [263 - Ellis, p. 80.].  ,             ,   .     ,          ,         .

    ,  ,         .   , .. Goldman  Bear Stearns,  ,         ,          .  , ,     Goldman,          ,   Goldman      ,      .  ,   -         ,  ,  Goldman  .     100% ,   ,     ,             .           ,    .  :  !    !   !  !   ,               []     :   ,   -  [264 -  , p. 78.].

 ,     ,    ,     ,         .      19:00,  .     - ,        . ,   ,            .   ,      :            .     ,  ,  21 [  52-  ],         ⠖  ,    -,  ,       .        .

  ,    ,      .        .     ,   ,   [265 -    .].  ,    ,    ,         .        .        ,  .     .          蠖  ,       ,  ,   ,   -    ,  ,              .

 ,      .    ,         ,  : ,      .   ,       ,      -,   ,   . ,      ,    .    ,    ,           ⠖  ,   .     ,          ,  -   [266 - Institutional Investor, November 1973.].         Goldman?       ,  .   -   ,        ,    Goldman Sachs.     .    .     .    .        -   ,  ,   Goldman Sachs        .     .

,    ,       ,      50.      ,  , ,   .    ,     .           .   ,  Goldman Sachs   ,        ,  .      .   .       ,     .     .     [267 -    .].


* * *

               ,               Goldman.

          1960- .     ,   Goldman         ,   ,      .      ,    ,            . ,        ,  , ,     ,    .    ,   ,           ,     .              ,       ⠖  ,     (FTC)  SEC,         .               ,                 . ,    ,               ,    ,        ,    .       ,  ,      . ( 1960- .    ,    ,    ,       ,    ,   ,           .)

 ,           ,      ,            ,     ,     .   ,      FTC,  ,                  ,  ,      .    ,      , ..  ,     ,   .   ,         ,     , ,      [268 -  .].

    ,         Jacobs & Rowley  ,       .          .  ,     ,    ,  .           .     [269 -  .].         . ,         ?  .       .  ,     ,    ,      .     ,  ,   .     ?   ,    , ,  廠    ,    ,   ,   Goldman.

  ,        ,       ,       .     ,    ,   ,  .        Sullivan & Cromwell,     ,       .        .    ,      ,   .        .    .   ,           [270 -  .].

                .     ?  .    - : ,    .         ,  .   ,       .  :      ?   ?     .    . ,   ,     , ,   , ,       .       ,  .     .      [271 -  .].

     ,     ,           .   ,    ,  .   ? -  ,     ?  - :           . ,      .  ,   .  ,  [272 -  .].       ,  - ,        ,      ,   .   ,   ,   ,     .

            ,    .     ,      Goldman,   .     ,     .       -     ,        .      , ,    ,      -,       .  1953.    ,  1957. ,      .            Harvard Crimson.  ,  1961.      .

 1962.     .        ,      ,  .       ,   :   [273 -  .]. (    ,         .)        .        .   ,     .    ,     ,     Texas Gulf Producing Company  Sinclair Oil  $252,    1963. Texas Gulf,            ,     ,      .       Sinclair   1964.,        ,        Texas Gulf   Sinclair.   ,        ,    . Goldman      ,         .     .

       Sinclair Oil  .      :     New York Times,    .    .     ,     .   ,   [274 -  .] (   ,      ).      ,   ,     ,      .      ,      ,  .     :    , []  ,     .    . ,     ?  .   : ,   唻.

       ,  ,    ,     -,         L. F. Rothschild,         Wertheim & Company.      (, ,    ,      Goldman     )    Goldman      L. F. Rothschild,   Wertheim.  ,       ,           . , Goldman  L. F. Rothschild      Texas Gulf.

          Goldman, L. F. Rothschild  Sinclair.   ,    ,  .       : , ,     .    ,    ,  ,    -   .  .  !  . ,         .        ,      ,    .  ,    .    ,  .        : , !   .  .   , ?  ?  .   :  Goldman Sach        .       :    .    ?  .   ,  . ,  .   ,    .    :   ,     , 兠      ,    .   ,   .

     Rothschild. ,    ?  .    .

  ,     .   30 ,    ,       ,   . ,  ,  ,      .       ,         .

   ,  .        .

  ,   ,  ,  ,     .    ,      ,     ,  .   !  .          .         Texas Gulf   1964.      ,  Goldman   .

    ,        Sullivan & Cromwell,    Goldman      ,        .     -.     ,     .     ,  .       :    ,     ,  ,   !    ,     .    ,      :    ,     ,  ,   ![275 -      .]

     ,     Goldman,  ,         .  ,         -,       Goldman,         ,       . ,            ,   $30 000  ,      Gregory & Sons.        [276 -    .],  .       Gregory & Sons,      ,        .    , ,  ,    ,   ,  Goldman Sachs, L. F. Rothschild  Salomon Brothers             ,  .

      Goldman,       Gregory & Sons,      .          ,     .   ,      :     ?  .     딻. Goldman    .      $100 000  ?  .    ,  .   :    ,   ,      ,  , ,     렖   Gregory & Sons 䔻.   ,  Goldman    ,     ,    .      III,  ,  ,     Goldman. ,    Yankees[277 - New York Yankees       ,   -. . .]  -,  .    ,      ,     ,     .

  1966.     Goldman             $87 500.         ,         ,   .         ,      .       ,  ,   :  ,  Morgan Stanley     .   ?    : ,    - ,     .     32,      . ,    , ,    .     ,   .    .         ,  .         ,    ,      .   .      .    , , ,      Goldman,   : ,      ,      ,          .      ,        .       .

       L. F. Rothschild  Wertheim.         Goldman       Rothschild,  , , ,     [278 -      Goldman .:    .].  ,       ,    .    ?   ,    ,      .        AT&T  1970.,             (    Wertheim)   .    ,  ,       AT&T   ,     Wertheim.      AT&T,    .    ,        ,     .         $200 000, , ,   .

,    ,     Wertheim      .   ,  Goldman,     Wertheim. !   .         Wertheim,       ,  .        Wertheim.   :    ,           L. F. Rothschild?  .     ,  蔻.        ,         .

             AT&T.         $4     Goldman.     ,  ,       .       94


/


  95, ..   .   ,        젖   94


/


.   ,     ,     .   .        ,     . ,         94


/


      .   !  ,  ,    ,     ,   .   ,            Morgan Stanley. ,  , ,  Morgan Stanley     .    ,     .

    ,       ,       : ! !          - ?

 ,        .      .  : , .     .   .     $4,   ,   .     ,   ,  :  ,        Ford,     .    . ,  ,     ,   .     ,             ,     .. ..       .     :    . ,    .      .  .  ,   ,    .      ,     ,  .         -  ,       ,        .

     .     ,        Goldman.    ,  .    :    .   ,      .       .        ,     .      ,     [] .     ,   ,    ,   ,         .     ,     ,   -  .

 , ,    ,      .   ,          ,  .     .   : ,  ,   ,       ,      ,     .              .       :   ,       ,        -, :  ,    ?   Goldman Sachs,   -  .       !    Goldman Sachs 30 ,      .  ,        , , ,        ,     .    .      1995.    -.




 6

   


  Goldman    ,     .    ,   ,      ,   ,     -.        -   Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP,      -.     ,            .  ,        ,    ,            Goldman.

,   ,   .  ,      Lazard     [279 -    .].   .     ,  ,    .  ,      -.    .   .           -.

    ,         .  ,         ,  .    :   ,     . ,        .      .      . , ,      .      .     ,  ,    ,      .      428 .   ,         .      .      .    ꠖ          . ,  .       .    ,   .        ,     .

      ,      (In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington)  :  ,  Goldman Sachs  , 28-  ,      .       ,       ,       [280 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 37.]. ,    ,    ,    .   젖   ,                        堖    Goldman   .           .     ,        Goldman,      .           ,  .           .      ,   ,    -   ,         Goldman Sachs.

 ,      ,     1882.    [281 -      .    -;  1954.       . . .]  1897.,      .  ,   ,     ,         [282 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 45.].  1906.       .        -[283 -  -䠖   -  . . .],    .  1907.,     ,    -  ,           .      ,   1920- .           .

  ,       ,       .         ,      ,         .      1920- .            ,         .         ,   ,   .  1920- .       [284 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 46.].          1929.              .     ,    .

  ,   ,           .        .

 ,     ,     ,      -    .   ,   ,        [285 -  .],  ,   ,          .   ,          ,   ,   -, 750 [ ],      .    1958.,       ,       .

    1933.      Waldorf-Astoria.  ,     ,               ,      ,      .  ,     ,                ,  .   ,  ,    ,        ,        .     :         ?   [286 -  , p. 48.].    70 .

         -.  1938.   .     ,      81-   ,        .      ---.           ,       -  ,       . (        .)   ,  ,       .   ,  , ,   ,   ,  --.     -   ,  .       ,      [287 -  , p. 49.].            -,            .

   ,    -,            ,  .     ,           ,           .        -,         :  -     ,      .   [288 -  , p. 50.].    ,    ,     .       ,   , ,   ,    ,  .       ,      ,    .

           .      ,    ,      [289 -  軠   ,       . ;     1927. . .],                 .     ,                  Roney Plaza. ,     ,     .        ,     Woolworths         .             [290 -            . . .].            , ,   ,   .

       ,    ,          .    ,   ,  ,        [291 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 52.].   ,       .   Harvard Glee Club,    ,     ,  㠖     ࠖ      .   ,       .

     (    1960.)      . ,        ,           .         ,         .  ,             ,  ,     2%     .     ,    ,         [292 -  , p. 53.],   .

      .         ,     .     ,             ,     .   ,   ,  .                  ,   .          ,      .  ,     ,  ,   ,        [293 -  , p. 55.].

 ,           ,       ,      ,     ,       [294 -  .].          .           ,                 .

           .  ,       ,        ,    ,        .  ,      ,    ,         summa cum laude[295 - Summa cum laude (.   )        ,       . . .].      --[296 - -- (Phi Beta Kappa Society)  ,      1776.        ;     ,        . . .],      summa minus[297 - Summa minus (.  )        ,          summa cum laude;       summa cum laude. . .]      .   堖             .              ,       . ,     ,  .  ,  , ,         ,     .  ,       summa cum laude     --[298 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 57.].    ,   .        ,   㠖         ,       .

 1960.     ,   ,            .          ,   .    :   ,      .

  ,    [299 -  .],  .

  , ,       ,        .       :   ,     ,        .   ,   ,     ,     .   ,    ,     , ,   ,      [300 -  .]. ,   ,        ,    ,    .

        ,       ,      .   .      ,            . ,     ,     ,               :   ,     .            .        ,       [301 -  , p. 58.],   . ,   ,     ,     ,          .  .

              ,       ,      . ,   ,   ,        .    ,      ,    ,       .    ,   ,  .      .     --    :    ,   ,  ,    [302 -  , p. 59.].

              .     젖           :     .   ,       .         堖        , ,   [303 -   (19221969)  , ,   - (),      .]   [304 -   (19152005)    ,       .].     ,        ,   .

             ,       .       ,  ,   , ,   [305 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 61.].      ,  ,   ,     ,   堖    . , -        ,     ,          .              ,            .


* * *

           㠖  ,       .                    ,      .  ,        .        ,          .    ,   .   ,      㠖          [306 -  , p. 64.].             ,            .

           ,              ,   .        ,     -.     Cleary Gottlieb,      [307 -  .],        ,     ,   .         -   -,       .            ,              .

      Cleary Gottlieb  ,        ,          ,         ,     .    ,     -,     , ,  ,        ,          (  )  .     40,  ,    ,    ,   ,   .

    ,    40,    .     Cleary,       -,    ,   .   ,      ,       ,  .  Lazard  Goldman,   ,  ,   ,             [308 -  , p. 67.].       1966.  ,      :            [309 -  .].    ,  ,     .      $13 000  $14 400.    ,    Goldman            Cleary.

       1967.       $35     Becton, Dickinson      Univis Lens Co.    .        ,  .       ,    .           .        頖   ,       .        ,     .    ,   [310 -  , p. 41.].    ,   .

   1968.,     ,         $675 000.       ,  .   ,          .          . , ,   ,      ,        , ,      ,     ,    ,    .

    ,    ,       .           ,      ࠖ   ,     Goldman,  .     ,    ,         ,     ,     ,   ,  Goldman   .       ,     ,       ,  .       ,        ,       [311 -  , p. 45.].         ,  ,        ,    [312 -  , p. 44.]   ,    .       , ,          ,   ,  .         ,     ,  ,   -     .

   ,  ,  ,          ,   Goldman      .


* * *

  1968.      Finance,      .  蠖    컠        Goldman    .     ,      .    ,      ⠖       頖              Goldman. ,       ,      ,          ( ,   -  ).           , ..   .       , Goldman    ,    ,    , ,         .  ,        .       ,    : ,   ,   .

 ,  1968.    ,   -  ,    . ,  ,    ,     1968. ,      ,   Investors Diversified Services (IDS)   ,   ,        .    Goldman       -.    ,    . , 31  1967.   -, ..      ,  ,  1 150 700  Alcan Aluminum   $23      .        -   .  Finance ,      ,      ,         ,     .

 ,          ,       ,   .      ,     -,   .       ,     -, , ,      , ,   ,   .   ,  -  ,  ,      -   堖  ,   ,       ;      .

       Goldman Sachs.   1960- .         .       ,   ,   .    ,        ,           [313 - Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 64.].

,     70, ,       .      蠖 ,   (    )     .      -,      ,   [314 -    .]      Goldman,      .     젖      컠  ,          ,       ,           .

     ,    ,       .    , ,   ,    ,   .  ,      ,  ,       .   ,   . ,     -    堖    .      .    ,    [315 -  .]. ,       ,   ,         -, 55.   1960- .      堖   -  -, 375.           .     ,  .   ,  ,   ,     [ ][316 - Endlich, p. 63.].            65 ,  Times  1971.,       [317 - NYT, July 11, 1971.].   ,     Goldman         .          ,     -, 55,            .

  ,      ,       Goldman.           -     , -     -.           ,        . ,        ,      ,       , ,   ,      .      .           [318 -    .].

      ,               .     ,      ,    ,      ,        , .. ,  ,    .     Goldman       .        ..,    Goldman  .        ,    ,    .       [319 -    .].             ,     .     ,      ,     ,     ,  . ,    ,      ,      [320 -    .].

   ,         .   ,       .         ,  .   ,   -   .    ,    .       . .      ,      .    ,        Goldman Sachs.   .  ,       .    ,      [321 -    .].

      Goldman   - ,      -, ,    .              ,  ,    ,   .     ,        ,       ,   ,  .   ,         -, 375,    . ,      ,     [322 -    .]. ,      , :      ,  , ,   .  [,     ]   ,          .         Goldman  -,              , ..  ,    ,    .   -   .      ,  .      .  ,    .      .     .    -  .         ,       [323 -    .].

 1969.     ,      21,  ,      .  ,  ,        ,          ,   ,   :         .   ,        ,   ,          .          , Goldman Sachs    ,      Goldman Sachs[324 - Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 71.].        .

,    77,    .     , ,  ,     ,  .   , , ,     ,      Goldman Sachs    [325 -  , p. 71.].       .    ,    ,  ,   ,       蔠  ,      . , ,  ,     蔠      ,     .      ,     ,  ,  ,      .        .        ,  , ,     -  ,  .


* * *

24 1969.          .      New York Times              ,           .       ,   , ,   .     ,     .    Times,             .

            ,       COMSAT (Communications Satellite Corporation),  IPO       .  1964.         .         ,       ⠖    ,      . (         Goldman.)  ,    ,       ,   .           頖 Ford Motor, General Cigar  Corinthian Broadcasting.

          ,           . SEC               ,     ,                 .   1968.   ,   Texas Gulf Sulphur Company  ,        ,         .    SEC    Merrill Lynch, ,  14         Douglas Aircraft Company        . (       .)

     Penn Central Transportation Company,     ,      III,    ,     Penn Central  29  , ,               Penn Central,       .       30 ,      ,  ,    ,      ,         ,   .  ,      [326 - NYT, December 1, 1968.]    .   ˸,    Loeb, Rhoades & Co.,    .   ,       ,     New York Times   1968.  ,     .         40 ,          ,  . 堖  ,       -,       .


* * *

       ,    Goldman Sachs  .      ,        Goldman,  :       1969.[327 - Gustave L. Levy testimony in Welch Foods Inc., etc. v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., September 23, 1974.].         100-  .   15  1969.  ,      Bank of New York (  ).        , assorted crackers[328 -         15  1969.]         .     ,    .

 ,   ,         蠖    ,          .  1969. Goldman,  ,         -            ,        .    Goldman ,   ,          ,          ( ,    1960- .    ,  ,        ,        ).

          - .  27     ,   Mill Factors Corporation,          ,            , ,      .  ,     ---  -,   ,           .      ,      ,    .

Goldman Sachs      Mill. ,       Goldman    Mill  $1  New York Life,       Mill (    $8,4),    ,     (       $100 000).     Goldman   Mill    $7   50  .       ,    ,   ࠖ Mill      ,     . ,   $45   Mill    $35   ,    ,       .              $80.    ,      ,    Mill  .      $35     $45      [329 - NYT, April 23, 1969.].

   Mill Factors ,  Goldman      ,     .      Worcester County National Bank  ,  ,     ,    ,    Mill   $1,3,        Alexander & Baldwin,    Mill  $1.  Worcester  Goldman   ,      ,      Mill      .  ,      .  ,  Goldman  ,    ,      [330 - NYT, September 23, 1970.],   Times  -   .  Goldman    ( 60%   ),   ,         .        (, Lybrand, Ross Brothers & Montgomery,  Mill,   $5),  Goldman ,   $50 000,      ,      [331 - NYT, July 11, 1971.]    .

,  Goldman    .   Mill Factors       ,       Penn Central Transportation   1970.  Penn Central        ,      ,   ,     ,  Goldman.   Goldman    .   ,  .       [332 -    .].




 7

 


 Penn Central     1968.     Pennsylvania  New York Central    ,         .       $1,2,   50  .              . 29  1968.     ,    Penn Central,        .  6  Goldman    Penn Central   $35,           $65.   Goldman,      .

     ,  Penn Central          ,          .        ,          $75    1970.,     .  Penn Central          ,     .        20 530     16          35%     .  ,       ,    -      -      Waldorf-Astoria.               $87.   ,    ,  ,       Penn Central      Goldman     50   .     ,   Goldman    .

        ,      Goldman. ,   1970.  -         - ,     ,    .          -,      ,   ,                 .      ,      -  ,         .  ,  [333 - New York, May 6, 1974, p. 8.],     New York Magazine.

   ,          Goldman,   .  ,    White, Weld, ,         .  ,     ,     Goldman     ,      .

  ,          1969.    [334 -    .],  .    Goldman     ,       .     ,       ,   ,     .   ,   , ,  ,          .     ,    .     .     ,    ,   . ( 1989.           ; 2001.     ,   2006. SEC         .)

            White, Weld.  ,       ,     , ,     ,    (    ,      1969.),   ,         .   White, Weld    32-  .      .    [335 - Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 75.],  .      ,   Goldman  -  ,  White, Weld   ,          .     ,    [336 -    .],  .       ,   Goldman    White, Weld.      , ,    ,     [337 -    .],   : ,    .       .   .     [338 -  .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/uilyam-d-koen/dengi-i-vlast-kak-goldman-sachs-zahvatil-vlast-v-finansovom-34716087/chitat-onlayn/?lfrom=1071536906&ffile=1)  .

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notes








1


Martin A. Armstrong, Looking Behind the Curtain: The Real Conspiracy, April 9, 2009.




2


Matt Taibbi, Rolling Stone, July 923, 2009.




3


Jonathan Alter, The Promise: President Obama, Year One (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), p. 314.




4


 .




5


   (. 1930)  ,      ,   ,  19891992.   . . .




6


      27  2009.




7


        Fortune 15  2009.




8


   .




9


   .




10


      27  2009.




11


  ,         ( 2008. 27 ). . .




12


      31  2009.




13


   .




14


        .    . . . . .




15


   .




16


   ( 1942.)      ,         ,        . . .




17


   .




18


    Goldman Sachs,    ,       ( ) 27  2010.   -   :           .    27  2010.




19


Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York City (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).




20


 .




21


NYT, March 19, 1886.




22


NYT, December 6, 1893, and December 9, 1893.




23


NYT, December 21, 1891.




24


 .




25


Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 35.




26


WSOH, 1956, p. 22.




27


WSOH, 1964, p. 218.




28


 , pp. 3334.




29


 , pp. 9697.




30


  6  1914.    -      -.




31


 .




32


 .




33


 , p. 39.




34


Endlich, pp. 4243.




35


WSOH, 1956.




36


 .




37


 , p. 40.




38


 , p. 41.




39


WSOH, 1956.




40


NYT, January 1, 1968.




41


NYT, February 13, 1910.




42


Time, September 14, 1925.




43


NYT, January 1, 1968.




44


 .




45


Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 44.




46


WSOH, 1956, p. 43.




47


 , p. 44.




48


 .




49


 , p. 45.




50


John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929 (New York: Mariner Books, 2009, paperback reprint edition), p. 43.




51


 . .   1929 . : , 2009.




52


John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash, 1929 (New York: Mariner Books, 2009, paperback reprint edition), p. 49.




53


 .




54


 .




55


 , p. 47.




56


Warren Buffett, Chairmans Letter, Berkshire Hathaway 2001 Annual Report.




57


Galbraith, p. 60.




58


Galbraith, p. 61.




59


 ࠖ  (Glass Steagall Act)   1933.,      ,    XX.     :       ,               . . .




60


Trust, p. 589.




61


 .




62


 , p. 590.




63


 , p. 591.




64


 .




65


 .




66


 , p. 592.




67


 .




68


 .




69


 , p. 596.




70


 , p. 597.




71


 , p. 599.




72


 , p. 600.




73


 , p. 610.




74


 , p. 611.




75


 , p. 623.




76


 , p. 625.




77


 , pp. 62627.




78


 , p. 613.




79


 , p. 614.




80


Galbraith, p. 61.




81


NYT, April 4, 1929.




82


Galbraith, p. 62.




83


NYT, August 20, 1929, p. 84.




84


Galbraith, p. 64.




85


WSOH, 1956, p. 49.




86


 .




87


Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 7274.




88


NYT, February 28, 1930.




89


WSOH, 1956, p. 46.




90


 , p. 46.          .




91


 , p. 47.




92


 , p. 48.




93


Time, August 21, 1933.




94


WSOH, 1956, p. 49.




95


 , p. 50.




96


NY, November 10, 2008.




97


NYT, July 29, 1969.




98


WSOH, 1956, p. 51.




99


 , p. 53.




100


Lets Ask Sidney Weinberg, Fortune, October 1953, p. 174.




101


WSOH, 1956, p. 81.




102


 , p. 52.




103


 , p. 82.




104


 , p. 53.




105


E.J. Kahn Jr., Directors Director, NY, September 8, 1956, p. 39.




106


  (18701965)  ,  ,      .          . . . .




107


NYT, July 29, 1969.




108


Time, December 8, 1958.




109


  (18321899)  ,     ,       . . .




110


  (18091865) 16-  ,            18611865.,    .     . . .




111


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 62.




112


 .




113


NYT, July 29, 1969.




114


Fortune, October 1953.




115


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 60.




116


Fortune, October 1953.




117


 .




118


NYT, December 16, 1967.




119


 .




120


NYT, February 8, 1942.




121


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 65.




122


NYT, December 16, 1967.




123


 .




124


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 65.




125


NYT, December 16, 1967.           .




126


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 66.




127


NYT, December 16, 1967.




128


 . ,  ,    (Deerfield Academy)      912 ,   1797. . .




129


NYT, December 16, 1967.




130


Fortune, October 1953.




131


 (. caddy)    ,           . . .




132


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 69.




133


NYT, December 16, 1967.




134


 ࠖ 蠖   30  2002.         ,                  ,      . . .




135


  (18911969)  ,       Lehman Brothers. . .




136


    (18981979)    ,    Lazard Fr?res,   Societ pour la Vente ? Crdit dAutomobiles (SOVAC)     .     ,         ,      Lazard Fr?res,       . . .




137


  (. 1928)  ,       . -  1970- .  1997  2000.     . . .




138


  (. 1936)  ,    31     Morgan Stanley,     19911993.   ,  19931996.   Smith Barney,   1996.      Greenhill & Co. . .




139


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 42.




140


Fortune, October 1953.




141


   (18881969)     .     . . . .




142


Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression (New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 7274.




143


    . 9 1932.




144


    . 18  1933.




145


    . 23  1933.




146


    . 6 1932.




147


      McKesson & Robbins . : The Greatest Frauds of the (Last) Century, a monograph in the May 2003 issue of New Accountant USA.




148


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 48.




149


Fortune, October 1953.




150


 .




151


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 48.




152


WSOH, 1956, p. 122.




153


Fortune, October 1953.




154


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.




155


BusinessWeek, January 27, 1951.




156


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.




157


    . 5 1938.




158


NYT, November 16, 1967.




159


WSJ, February 1, 2010, Amity Shlaes.




160


Terkel, pp. 7274.




161


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.




162


Terkel, p. 73.




163


WSOH, 1956, p. 12.




164


 .




165


WSOH, 1964, p. 154.




166


WSOH, 1956, p. 14.




167


   ,           (. . 11:1519, . 21:1217, . 19:4548. . .).




168


WSOH, 1956, p. 15.




169


 .




170


    . 30  1942.




171


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 52.




172


 , p. 54.




173


  ᠖     ,   1942.           . . .




174


Fortune, October 1953.




175


    . 31  1944.




176


Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership: The Making of Goldman Sachs (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 45.




177


NY, September 15, 1956, p. 49.




178


 , p. 50.




179


  (18901970)  ,       .         M. A. Hanna Company,     .




180


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 40.




181


 , p. 39.




182


Time, December 8, 1958.




183


WSOH, 1956, p. 56.




184


Fortune, October 1953.




185


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 47.




186


Henry Ford, The International Jew: The Worlds Foremost Problem, .: Dearborn Independent, May 1920.




187


. :  .  . : RUSSIAN BOOK&ART, 1925. URL: http://www.rusprav.org/biblioteka/ford.htm. . : http://antiquariy.ru/book-491.html. . .




188


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 64.




189


   (Internal Revenue Service, IRS)   ,           . . .




190


NY, September 8, 1956, p. 66.




191


   (18321888)  ,            . . .




192


 頖 ,     VIII      1936. . .




193


Charles Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 58.




194


 .




195


 , p. 60.




196


NYT, September 10, 1958.




197


NYT, April 1, 1957.




198


The involvement of Goldman Sachs in the antitrust suit is from the Corrected Opinion of Harold R. Medina, United States Circuit Judge, civil action no. 43757, filed February 4, 1954.




199


Medina opinion, p. 8.




200


WSOH, 1956.




201


Medina opinion, p. 170.




202


 , p. 171.




203


 , pp. 329346.




204


 , pp. 312316.




205


 (Glengarry Glen Ross)  1984.               .   . . .




206


WSOH, 1956, p. 92.




207


 , p. 90.




208


NYT, September 23, 1953.




209


 , p. 91.




210


 .




211


WSOH, 1956, p. 103.




212


 , p. 104.




213


 , p. 105.




214


 , p. 106.




215


 .




216


 , p. 109.




217


 , p. 95.




218


WSOH, 1956, p. 68.




219


   .




220


 .




221


Judith Ramsey Ehrlich and Barry J. Rehfeld, The New Crowd: The Changing of the Jewish Guard on Wall Street (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989), p. 30.




222


    .




223


   (Young Mens Hebrew Association)     ,   1854. ,    -. . .




224


   .




225


NYT, June 4, 1961.




226


 .




227


 .




228


Ehrlich and Rehfeld, p. 31.




229


Celler Commission Report, Conglomerate Merger Investigations, 1969.




230


Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 74.




231


NYT, June 4, 1961.




232


Roy C. Smith, Paper Fortunes: Modern Wall Street; Where Its Been and Where Its Going (New York: St. Martins Press, 2010), p. 86.




233


NYT, November 16, 1967.




234


   .




235


NYT, June 4, 1961.




236


WSOH, 1956.




237


Ellis, p. 75.




238


NYT, June 4, 1961.




239


    // Institutional Investor, November 1973.




240


NYT, May 3, 1973.




241


NYT, May 24, 1961.




242


   .: NYT, January 26, 1958.




243


NYT, June 4, 1961.




244


NYT, July 5, 1963.




245


   .




246


  .:  .




247


  廠   ,  ,        . . .




248


  ໠     . . .




249


  ໠     ,       . . .




250


  .:  .




251


  (19122002),   (19101983),   (19122006),   (19121997)     . . .




252


Institutional Investor, November 1973.




253


Smith, p. 86.




254


ࠖ               -   165.  .. . .




255


-ࠖ     ,       1213 . . .




256


   .




257


   .




258


NYT, May 25, 1965.




259


 .




260


Ellis, p. 91.




261


Institutional Investor, November 1973.




262


 .




263


Ellis, p. 80.




264


 , p. 78.




265


   .




266


Institutional Investor, November 1973.




267


   .




268


 .




269


 .




270


 .




271


 .




272


 .




273


 .




274


 .




275


     .




276


   .




277


New York Yankees       ,   -. . .




278


     Goldman .:    .




279


   .




280


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 37.




281


     .    -;  1954.       . . .




282


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 45.




283


 -䠖   -  . . .




284


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 46.




285


 .




286


 , p. 48.




287


 , p. 49.




288


 , p. 50.




289


 軠   ,       . ;     1927. . .




290


           . . .




291


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 52.




292


 , p. 53.




293


 , p. 55.




294


 .




295


Summa cum laude (.   )        ,       . . .




296


-- (Phi Beta Kappa Society)  ,      1776.        ;     ,        . . .




297


Summa minus (.  )        ,          summa cum laude;       summa cum laude. . .




298


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 57.




299


 .




300


 .




301


 , p. 58.




302


 , p. 59.




303


  (19221969)  , ,   - (),      .




304


  (19152005)    ,       .




305


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World: Tough Choices from Wall Street to Washington (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 61.




306


 , p. 64.




307


 .




308


 , p. 67.




309


 .




310


 , p. 41.




311


 , p. 45.




312


 , p. 44.




313


Lisa Endlich, Goldman Sachs: The Culture of Success (New York: Touchstone, 2000), p. 64.




314


   .




315


 .




316


Endlich, p. 63.




317


NYT, July 11, 1971.




318


   .




319


   .




320


   .




321


   .




322


   .




323


   .




324


Charles D. Ellis, The Partnership (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), p. 71.




325


 , p. 71.




326


NYT, December 1, 1968.




327


Gustave L. Levy testimony in Welch Foods Inc., etc. v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., September 23, 1974.




328


        15  1969.




329


NYT, April 23, 1969.




330


NYT, September 23, 1970.




331


NYT, July 11, 1971.




332


   .




333


New York, May 6, 1974, p. 8.




334


   .




335


Robert E. Rubin, In an Uncertain World (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 75.




336


   .




337


   .




338


 .


