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      ,            2015 ,       ,      ,    . :    ,   ,     ,         ,         ,    .     , ,   ,   ,           ,  ,        .





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                    (  2  17 2016 .)



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Aden Menno ( )    ,   (),   , .



Butler William Elliott (  )     .        ,      ,   (J.D.),   ,    (LL.D.),  .



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M.A. Egorova

V.G. Krylov

A.K. Romanov



Tort obligations and tort liability in the English, German and French law

Tutorial

Executive editor doctor of Laws M. Egorova



Recommended for publication by the academic Council of the Institute of law and national security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) (Protocol  2, 17 may 2016)



Reviewers:

Aden Menno  professor at the University of Essen, Dortmund University (Germany), Doctor of Laws, professor.

Butler William Elliott  honored professor of law named after John Edward Fowler of the Law School of the university of Pennsylvania, Professor Emeritus of comparative law of the university of London, Academician, Professor, Doctor of Law (J.D.) (Harvard Law School), Doctor of Law (LL.D.) (university of London).

Belikh V.S.  Director of the Institute of law and entrepreneurship of the ural State Law university, head of the Business Law department, honored worker of science of the Russian federation, Doctor of Law, professor.

Gabov A.v.  Deputy Director of the Institute of legislation and comparative law under the Government of the Russian federation, Doctor of Law, honored lawyer of the Russian Federation.

Kvanina v. v.  head of the Department of business and commercial law of the South ural State university, Doctor of Law, professor.



In the tutorial based on the research, conducted in the framework of the public task of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration for 2015, the concept of tort obligations and tort liability in English, German and French law are reviewed. An analysis of the following is made: the general concept of tort obligations, the purposes of tort liability, the concepts of general and singular torts, the main types of tort obligations and torts according to the norms of English, German and French law and judicial practice of compensation of damage caused beyond the contractual relationship.

The publication is intended for practicing lawyers, teachers of law universities, undergraduate students and postgraduates; it can be used for indepth study of materials on such courses as International law, Comparative law, as well as a part of higher education master programs.



 M.A. Egorova, V.G. Krylov, A.K. Romanov, 2017

 Ltd. Yustitsinform, 2017




 


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About the authors


Egorova Maria Aleksandrovna  Deputy Dean, acting head of the Department of entrepreneurship and corporate law of the law faculty named after M. M. Speransky of the Institute of law and national security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), doctor of juridical Sciences, associate Professor, a practicing lawyer. A specialist in the field of contract, competition and commercial law. The author of over 200 scientific, scientific-practical and educational-methodical publications on civil and business law, including more than 150 scientific articles in leading law journals, 5 monographs, 1 textbook and 4 teaching aids on issues of contract and commercial law, co-author of 5 books on competition and commercial law. Participated in the work of more than 70 scientific-practical, national, interregional and international conferences and forums in Russia and abroad. Fluent in English and French.

M.A. Egorova  Chairman of the Commission on Improvement of Antimonopoly Legislation of the Moscow regional branch of Association of Lawyers of Russia, member of the RF CCI Committee on Security of Entrepreneurial Activities, member of Scientific-methodical Council of educational organizations and departments of competition law and antitrust regulation of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia, member of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Arbitration court of Moscow, member of the Russian Academy of Legal Sciences, expert of the Committee of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entepreneurs (RSPP) for corporate relations. She is also the Deputy Editor in chief of the magazine Jurist magazine and Civil law, member of editorial colleges of journals Competition Law, Vest-nik of Lobachevsky University of Nizhni Novgorod and DNA Law, a member of the editorial boards of the journals Law and Economics, Bulletin of Arbitration Practice, Juridical World, New Legal Conception, the scientific practicl magazine South-Russian Law Bulletin of South-Russian Institute of Management (SRIOM)  branch of RANEPA.

Introduction, Chapter 1.



Krylov Vadim Grigorevich  associate Professor of entrepreneurship and corporate law Department of the Law Faculty named after M.M. Speranskij of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), candidate of juridical Sciences, practicing lawyer. The author of 9 scientific articles published in leading legal journals. The main directions of scientific activity: legal basis of corporate activities in the Russian Federation and abroad, legal framework of NPOs  activities in Russia, corporate law, civil law. Fluent in English.

Chapters 3, 4.



Romanov Alexander Konstantinovich  Head of the Department of fundamentals of law enforcement activities of the Law Faculty named after M.M. Speranskij of the Institute of Law and National Security of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (RANEPA), Professor of the Law Faculty of Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences (MSSES), candidate of juridical Sciences, associate Professor, master of law (University of London, UK) (LL.M, UCL London). A specialist in the field of the English legal system, English tort law, criminal law, criminal executive law. The author of over 120 scientific, practical and educational-methodical publications, including 16 scientific articles in leading legal journals, 1 monograph in English tort law, 3 textbooks on the English legal system, 6 textbooks on criminal and criminal executive law. Fluent in English.

Chapter 2.







         :

Actio de dolo       .

Bundesarbeitsgericht        .

Bundesgerichtshof    .

Conseil dEtat    .

Cour de cassation    .

Damnum sine injuria    ,       .

Detinue          .

Drittschadensliquidation     ,             ,   ,   ,     / .

Ehestorer  ,        ,        .

Fault liability    .

Gemeine Recht    .

Perte dune chance       ,              .

Rechtswidrigkeit     .

Responsabilite administrative  -   .

Tort  ,    .

Tortious liability   () .

Unterlassungsanspruch    ,    .

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BGB  Burgerliches Gesetzbuch    

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BVerfGE  Die Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts       

C. Cons  Code de la Consommation   

CIVI        

DCFR       

ECJ    

FGTI  Fonds de guarantie des victimes des actes de terrorisme et autres         

FIVA  Fonds dIndemnisation des Victimes de lAmiante     

NCPC     

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 . 2:102 (1)        ()    :      () ,      , , ,             ()[10 -         .   ,    . 2: 102 (1) .         .: Caemmerer von E. Wandlungen des Deliktsrechts, in Festschrift zum 100 jahrigen Bestehen des deutschen Juristentages II (1960) 75 et seq.; H. Stoll, Unrechtstypen bei Verletzung absoluter Rechte, [1963] Archiv fur die civilistische Praxis (AcP) 162, 203; E. Deutsch, Fahrlassigkeit und erforderliche Sorgfalt (2nd edn. 1995) 229 et seq., 282; Cf. W. Munzberg, Verhalten und Erfolg als Grundlagen der Rechtswidrigkeit und Raftung (1966); G. Bruggerneier, Deliktsrecht (1986)  95; H. Ko.. t/G. Wagner, Deliktsrecht (9th. edn. 2001)  98 et seq. See also K. Larenz/ C.-W. Canaris, Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts III2: Besonderer Teil (13th edn., 1994)  75 II 3; F.D. Busnelli/G. Comande, Italy, PETL Wrongfulness, 69 et seq.; U. Magnus (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Damages Kluwer Law International, 2001. P. 89 (no. 36 et seq.).].         ,     [11 - .: .: H. Koziol, Conclusions, in: H. Koziol (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness (1998, hereafter cited as PETL Wrongfulness) 129 et seq.; H. Koziol, The Concept of Wrongfulness under the Principles of European Tort Law, in: H. Koziol / B. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2002 (2003) 552 et seq.].   ,     ,        (. 2:102 (2) ),          (. 2:102 (3) ).  ,       ,  ,             ,            ,    .

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1.    (. 10:202 (1) ),             .       : )   ; )    (      ); )  ,       .             ,        (mental health)       , . .          .              .      ,    ,   ,     , . .    (. 10:301 (1) ).

             ,     . .          .                   ,        .         ,          .  ,         ,             ,             [12 - U. Magnus. Comparative Report, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 101 with references.].

           ,     (, ,    . .),                  [13 -  .:  : H. Koziol. Austria, PETL Damages,  81 et seq.;   : G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages,  25.;  : W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages,  63;  : S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages,  68;  : U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 6; : K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages,  27; : M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages,  110;  : J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages,  35.].      ,          , . .         ,                ,  .

          ,      .        ,      [14 - Rogers W.V.H. England, PETL Damages,  31 et seq.; Galand-Carval S. France, PETL Damages,  33, 36.].  ,            [15 - Magnus U. Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  90 et seq.],       .

2.   (    ) (. 10:202 (2) ).       (),             ,     ,    ,          .

3. ,     (. 10:203 (1) ).               ,       ,       .          (   ),           ,      .

           ,       .            .   ,          ,     ,          .             ,        ,       .        ,     ,            .               ()     .                    .                  ,        .

                    ,      [16 - Magnus U. Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  64 et seq.]. ,      ,  ,   ,   [17 - .: : W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages,  40;  : S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages,  39; : U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  35 et seq.; : K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages,  13; : H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages,  124 et seq.         :  : J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages,  21; : G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages,  12.],          (pure economic losses).

4.     (. 10:203 (2) ).              ,       , ,   .            .  ,          ,         .

    . 10:301  (  )      ,        ,   ,      ,    ,        (  )  ( ). ,         (  loss),      ,    ,                   [18 - Rogers W.V.H. Comparative Report, in: W.V.H. Rogers (ed.), Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective (2001) 246 (no. 2); U. Magnus. Germany, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 40.].

             (Draft Common Frame of Reference (  DCFR[19 - Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) / Prepared by the Study Group on a European Civil Code and the Research Group on EC Private Law (AcquisGroup). [ ]. URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ (http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/) ldeucom/95/95.pdf.]))  . I:101(1) . VI     : ,     ,      ,            .    ,              ,        [20 -  .        //   . 2014. 5. . 201.].       [21 - ., .: Bydlinski F. Der Ersatz ideellen Schadens als sachliches und methodisches Problem // Juristische Blatter. 1965. S. 253 f.; Karner E. Der Ersatz ideeller Schaden bei Korperverletzung. Springer, 1999. S. 88 f., 132 ff.; Kondgen J. Haftpflichtfunktionen und Immaterialschaden: Am Beispiel von Schmerzensgeld bei Gefahrdungshaftung. Duncker & Humblot, 1976. S. 84 ff.; Lorenz E. Immaterieller Schaden und billige Entschadigung in Geld. Duncker & Humblot, 1981. S. 95 ff.; Bruggemeier G. Prinzipien des Haftungsrechts. Nomos, 1999. S. 189 ff.; Koch B. A., Koziol H. Comparative Analysis // Compensation for Personal Injury in a Comparative Perspective / B.A. Koch, H. Koziol (eds.). Springer, 2003. P. 420, 424 f.; Rogers W.V.H. Comparative Report of a Project Carried Out by the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law // Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective / W.V.H. Rogers (ed.). Springer, 2001. P. 251 ff.].

           (. 10:301 ).  . 10:301 (3)                     .        ,  , . .  . 2:102 .               .       : )           ; )     ,    ,     ; )   ,                     (. 10:301 (1) ).

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          ,       .  ,   ,   , ,    ,          ,    .

                   , . .                    ,         . ,                    [22 - Fedtke J. Germany, in H. Koziol/B. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2001 (2002) 232 et seq.].

        , . .          ,  . 10:202  (     ).   ,           . ,                   .

                  .   ,      ,     . ,  ,        1981 ,  ,      , ,       [23 - Law Commission, Claims for Wrongful Death (1999)  9.2.],            .            ,        ,       [24 - W.V.H. Rogers Comparative Report, in W.V.H Rogers (ed), Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective (2001, hereafter cited as Rogers, Non-Pecuniary Loss) 262 et seq.].              .

  . 2:101   ,       .           ,     .      . 10:301   .

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         [30 - Markesinis B., Unberath H., Jonston A. The German law of contract. A comparative treatise. Second edition. Oxford and Portlend, Oregon, 2006. P. 444.],     [31 - Markesinis B, Unberath H., Jonston A. Op. cit. P. 445. . :       / . . .. . .: , 2009. . 421.]. . 1  276         .




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1


 .    :  /  . .. . .: , 2000. . 216.




2


 ..,  ..      :  . .: , 2013. . 3.




3


 ..  :    //    . 2007 /  . .. . . 2008. . 8.




4


 ,         .         . ,                 . , ,          ,             ().




5


     tort       (      ),    .




6


Weir Tony. Tort law. 2


 ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 11.




7


              ,  . 1. 10  .




8


Principles of European Tort Law. Text and Commentary/ European Group of Tort Law. N.Y; Wien, 2005.




9


Magnus U. Comparative Report on the Law of Damages, in: U. Magnus (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Damages Kluwer Law International, 2001. P. 185.




10


        .   ,    . 2: 102 (1) 

.         .: Caemmerer von E. Wandlungen des Deliktsrechts, in Festschrift zum 100 jahrigen Bestehen des deutschen Juristentages II (1960) 75 et seq.; H. Stoll, Unrechtstypen bei Verletzung absoluter Rechte, [1963] Archiv fur die civilistische Praxis (AcP) 162, 203; E. Deutsch, Fahrlassigkeit und erforderliche Sorgfalt (2nd edn. 1995) 229 et seq., 282; Cf. W. Munzberg, Verhalten und Erfolg als Grundlagen der Rechtswidrigkeit und Raftung (1966); G. Bruggerneier, Deliktsrecht (1986)  95; H. Ko.. t/G. Wagner, Deliktsrecht (9th. edn. 2001)  98 et seq. See also K. Larenz/ C.-W. Canaris, Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts III2: Besonderer Teil (13th edn., 1994)  75 II 3; F.D. Busnelli/G. Comande, Italy, PETL Wrongfulness, 69 et seq.; U. Magnus (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Damages Kluwer Law International, 2001. P. 89 (no. 36 et seq.).




11


.: .: H. Koziol, Conclusions, in: H. Koziol (ed.), Unification of Tort Law: Wrongfulness (1998, hereafter cited as PETL Wrongfulness) 129 et seq.; H. Koziol, The Concept of Wrongfulness under the Principles of European Tort Law, in: H. Koziol / B. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2002 (2003) 552 et seq.




12


U. Magnus. Comparative Report, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 101 with references.




13


 .:  : H. Koziol. Austria, PETL Damages,  81 et seq.;   : G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages,  25.;  : W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages,  63;  : S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages,  68;  : U. Magnus, Germany, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 6; : K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages,  27; : M.H. Wissink/W. van Boom, The Netherlands, PETL Damages,  110;  : J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages,  35.




14


Rogers W.V.H. England, PETL Damages,  31 et seq.; Galand-Carval S. France, PETL Damages,  33, 36.




15


Magnus U. Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  90 et seq.




16


Magnus U. Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  64 et seq.




17


.: : W.V.H. Rogers, England, PETL Damages,  40;  : S. Galand-Carval, France, PETL Damages,  39; : U. Magnus, Comparative Report, PETL Damages,  35 et seq.; : K. Kerameus, Greece, PETL Damages,  13; : H. Cousy/A. Vanderspikken, Belgium, PETL Damages,  124 et seq.         :  : J. Neethling, South Africa, PETL Damages,  21; : G. Schwartz, USA, PETL Damages,  12.




18


Rogers W.V.H. Comparative Report, in: W.V.H. Rogers (ed.), Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective (2001) 246 (no. 2); U. Magnus. Germany, PETL Damages, Kluwer Law International, 2001. 40.




19


Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) / Prepared by the Study Group on a European Civil Code and the Research Group on EC Private Law (AcquisGroup). [ ]. URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ (http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/) ldeucom/95/95.pdf.




20


 .        //   . 2014. 5. . 201.




21


., .: Bydlinski F. Der Ersatz ideellen Schadens als sachliches und methodisches Problem // Juristische Blatter. 1965. S. 253 f.; Karner E. Der Ersatz ideeller Schaden bei Korperverletzung. Springer, 1999. S. 88 f., 132 ff.; Kondgen J. Haftpflichtfunktionen und Immaterialschaden: Am Beispiel von Schmerzensgeld bei Gefahrdungshaftung. Duncker & Humblot, 1976. S. 84 ff.; Lorenz E. Immaterieller Schaden und billige Entschadigung in Geld. Duncker & Humblot, 1981. S. 95 ff.; Bruggemeier G. Prinzipien des Haftungsrechts. Nomos, 1999. S. 189 ff.; Koch B. A., Koziol H. Comparative Analysis // Compensation for Personal Injury in a Comparative Perspective / B.A. Koch, H. Koziol (eds.). Springer, 2003. P. 420, 424 f.; Rogers W.V.H. Comparative Report of a Project Carried Out by the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law // Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective / W.V.H. Rogers (ed.). Springer, 2001. P. 251 ff.




22


Fedtke J. Germany, in H. Koziol/B. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2001 (2002) 232 et seq.




23


Law Commission, Claims for Wrongful Death (1999)  9.2.




24


W.V.H. Rogers Comparative Report, in W.V.H Rogers (ed), Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in a Comparative Perspective (2001, hereafter cited as Rogers, Non-Pecuniary Loss) 262 et seq.




25


       ,    .




26


,     (.)




27


Treitel G. Fault in the common law of contract // Liber Amicorum for Lord Wilberforce / M. Bos and I. Brownlie eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. P. 185.




28


Catala P. (dir.) Avant-projet de reforme du droit des obligations et dela prescription // Proposals for Reform of the Law of Obligations and the Law of Prescription (Pierre Catala) / English translation by J. Cartwight and S. Whittaker. Oxford, 2007.




29


 .        . . . . 1919. . 24, 78.




30


Markesinis B., Unberath H., Jonston A. The German law of contract. A comparative treatise. Second edition. Oxford and Portlend, Oregon, 2006. P. 444.




31


Markesinis B, Unberath H., Jonston A. Op. cit. P. 445. . :       / . . .. . .: , 2009. . 421.




32


      ( ).     ,      ,   ,         .        .




33


 .     / . .  .. .: , 1978. . 40. . :  ..  . .: , 1997. . 282;  ..              //  . 2011. 11. . 4649.




34


 ..      //  .  4 . . 1. .:   , 2003. . 221222.




35


 ..       //    . 1972. 9. . 40, 41.      . ., .:  ..       : . .: , , 2009. . 64.


