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 Philip Zimbardo and Nikita D. Coulombe, 2015

First published as Man Disconnected: how technology has sabotaged what it means to be male by Rider. Rider is part of the Penguin Random House Group of Companies.

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 ,          . ,          .            ,        ,   .          18 ,    .  ,      ,     .       ,    ,   ,  ,   ,           20    [6 - Liew, J. (2009, December 2), All Men Watch Porn, Scientists Find'.   The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/6709646/All-men-watch-porn-scientists-find.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/6709646/All-men-watch-porn-scientists-find.html). ( : 10  2014.)].

     ,           .        -, , ,      .      ,  ,     ,       ,  ,     ,       [7 - Abel, I. (2013, January 12), 'Did Porn Warp me Forever?'   Salon: http://www.salon.com/2013/01/13/did_porn_warp_me__forever/ (http://www.salon.com/2013/01/13/did_porn_warp_me__forever/); and Sanghani, R. (2013, September 30), Teenage Boys Addicted to Extreme Porn and Want Help'. The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extremeporn-and-want-help.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extremeporn-and-want-help.html). ( : 24  2014.)].      .      ,           .

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   .           ,   ,      .      ,      .    .  .      -      ,           ,      ,   .     ,      ,      ,  2004  2014.    ,     ,    ,        ,          .         ,  ,     2004.       [10 - Hebert, E. (n.d.), 'Busy NYC Restaurant Solves Major Mystery by Reviewing Old Surveillance. Dine Ability: http://dineability.com/busy-nyc-restaurant-solves-major-mystery-reviewing-old-surveillance (http://dineability.com/busy-nyc-restaurant-solves-major-mystery-reviewing-old-surveillance). ( : 22  2014.)].

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 ,     .          ,     , ,   . 76%  ,        ,    ,    41%  ,          [17 - 'The Personal News Cycle' (2014, March). The Media Insight Project, American Press Institute: http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf (http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf). ( : 5 2014.)]. ,    ,    .  ,     ,   ,   ,    .  ,   ,    :      ,   ,  ,   ,      ,  ,    .        ,      .    :       -.  ,      .

 ,     ,      .     300      500 000   600 000 .  ,          -      ,   [18 - Voyer, D. (2014, April 9), April 29, 2014 Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds.    : http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx (http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx). ( : 22  2014.).  . Voyer, D. and Voyer, S.D. (2014), 'Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis', Psychological Bulletin, 140(4). http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf (http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf). ( : 22  2014.)].       ,           .      .       ,    ,    .        ,     .      ,      ,  ,     ,  ,  ,   ,    ..    ,       .

      ,   [19 - Cribb, R. (2011, November 25), 'The Grim Evidence That Men Have Fallen Behind Women' Toronto Star: http://www.thestar.com/life/2011/ll/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.html (http://www.thestar.com/life/2011/ll/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.html). ( : 26  2011.)].  ,     .       ,      .  1314-             堖  41% ,    ,  34%,     [20 - Salahu-Din, D., Persky, H., and Miller, J. (2008), The Nation's Report Card: Writing 2007 (p. 68).            (NCES 2008-468): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf). ( : 11  2011.). And Lee, J., Grigg, W, and Donahue, P. (2007), The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 (p. 64).            (NCES 2007-496): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf). ( : 11  2011.)].  2011.      40      [6 - SAT Scholastic Aptitude Test. . .][21 - Strauss, V. (2011, September 14), 'What the Decline in SAT Scores Really Means'. he Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/what-the-decline-in-sat-scores-really-means/2011/09/14/gIQAdUzdSK_blog.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/what-the-decline-in-sat-scores-really-means/2011/09/14/gIQAdUzdSK_blog.html). ( : 8 2011.) nd Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14), 43% of 2011 College-Bound Seniors Met SAT College and Career Readiness Benchmark'. The College Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_201l_nat_release_091411.pdf (http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_201l_nat_release_091411.pdf). ( : 8 2011.)].     70%   [22 - Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States: PBS Films.].           .        ()[7 - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. . .],             ,  .   PISA,       [8 - Program for International Student Assessment. . .],   ,  , ,              [23 - Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (p. 22) (2012). : http://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf (http://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf). ( : 8 2014.)].     ,   PISA,  ,      ,     30%        [24 - PISA 2009 at a Glance (p. 22) (2010). : http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/981()131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname-guest&checksum=BDB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C (http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/981()131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname-guest&checksum=BDB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C). ( : 8 2014.)].  ,    PISA,           [25 - United Kingdom (n.d.). OECD Better Life Index: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom (http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom). ( : 23  2014.)].

     [9 -      :        (The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our Young Men). . .]   ,         ,      .  ,    ,          .     ,            .          .  ,      [26 - Sommers, C.H. (2013), The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our Young Men (p. 14). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.].

 2002.      ,       ,   , ,  .              . ,       ,         2:1[27 - Planty, M., et al. (2007, June), The Condition of Education 2007 (NCES 2007-064).           : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf). ( : 5 2014.)].

  20032011.  ,    ,    5%,        -  [28 - Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (n.d.). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html (http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html). ( : 8 2014.)],          .

  ,     [29 - :      , (NCES)  20082009.  ,    ,   22% ,   .    ,     ,     ,  13%, 蠖 30%..: Chapman, C, Laird, J., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2010, December), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722008 (NCES 2011-012) (p. 24).           : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf). ( : 5 2014.). nd Chapman, C, Laird, N., Ifill, N., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2011, October), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722009 (IES 2012-006) (p. 22).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf). ( : 5 2014.):     ,  ,  5:2..: Richards, J. (2011, January 6), 'School Dropouts: Who Are They and What Can Be Done?' (p. 1).  : C.D. Howe Institute: http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf (http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf). ( : 26  2011.)].            :



    25 ,        ,         -           .            $240 000,                [30 - Chapman, C, Laird, J., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2010, December), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722008 (NCES 2011-012) (p. 1).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf). ( : 2014.)].


       (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth)   1997-     2012.  ,   27  30%      ,          25%[31 - America's Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household Composition: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary (2014, March 26). Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491): http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm). ( : 7 2014.)].  ,  2021.    58%   , 62%    54%  [32 - Hussar, WJ. and Bailey, T.M. (2013, January), Projections of Education Statistics to 2021 (NCES 2013-008) (pp. 757).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013Z2013008.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013Z2013008.pdf). ( : 9 2014.)].         .     60%  ⠖  [33 - Frenette, M. and Zeman, K. (2008, December 1), Why Are Most University Students Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences. Statistics Canada: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/l0561-eng.html (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/l0561-eng.html). ( : 22  2014.) nd Maslen, G. (2013, November 25), 'Degrees of Separation: More Women Enrolling at Universities'. The Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/degrees-of-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html (http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/degrees-of-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html). ( : 22  2014.)].                  ,      -   40%[34 - Griffiths, S. (2013, August 18), 'Girls Crowd the Campus as Boys Lose Taste for Uni. The Sunday Times: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/articlel302079.ece (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/articlel302079.ece). ( : 20  2014.)],        [35 - Kirkup, J. (2014, January 31), 'Boys being Left Behind as University Gender Gap Widens'. The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gap-widens.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gap-widens.html). ( : 10  2014.)].

 ,      ,    .       IQ             .           .       :     34%   ,    ⠖ 39%[36 - Degrees Conferred by Sex and Race (2012).          : http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72 (http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72). ( : 5 2014.)].

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notes









1


 : The Demise of Guys: Why Boys Are Struggling and What We Can Do About It. . .




2


Mother I'd Like to Fuck  ,  3050 . . .




3


American Academy of Pediatrics. . .




4


 ( . bromance)        . . .




5


 : :       (The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains). . .




6


SAT Scholastic Aptitude Test. . .




7


Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. . .




8


Program for International Student Assessment. . .




9


     :        (The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our Young Men). . .




10


Easy Cheese  ,           . . .










1


Fry, R. (2013, October 18), Millennials Still Lag in Forming their own Households.   Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/18/millennials-still-lag-in-forming-their-own-households (http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/18/millennials-still-lag-in-forming-their-own-households). ( : 9 2014.)




2


Fry, R. (2013, August 1), A Rising Share of Young Adults Live in Their Parents' Home.   Pew Research Center: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home (http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/08/01/a-rising-share-of-young-adults-live-in-their-parents-home). ( : 9 2014.)




3


MillerC. (2014, November 7), 'Paternity Leave: The Rewards and the Remaining Stigma'.   New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html). ( : 7 2014.)




4


Budnikov, M., personal communication, May 28, 2012 and June 19, 2012.




5


Robinson, M., personal communication, November 13, 2014; and Wilson, G. (2014), Your Brain on Porn: Internet Pornography and the Emerging Science of Addiction. Kent, England: Commonwealth Publishing.




6


Liew, J. (2009, December 2), All Men Watch Porn, Scientists Find'.   The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/6709646/All-men-watch-porn-scientists-find.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/6709646/All-men-watch-porn-scientists-find.html). ( : 10  2014.)




7


Abel, I. (2013, January 12), 'Did Porn Warp me Forever?'   Salon: http://www.salon.com/2013/01/13/did_porn_warp_me__forever/ (http://www.salon.com/2013/01/13/did_porn_warp_me__forever/); and Sanghani, R. (2013, September 30), Teenage Boys Addicted to Extreme Porn and Want Help'. The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extremeporn-and-want-help.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/better-sex-education/10339424/Teenage-boys-addicted-to-extremeporn-and-want-help.html). ( : 24  2014.)




8


Ogas, . and Gaddam, S. (2011), A Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the World's Largest Experiment Reveals About Human Desire (pp. 14, 19, 2334). New York, NY: Penguin Group (USA), Inc.




9


 . . 74, 123126.




10


Hebert, E. (n.d.), 'Busy NYC Restaurant Solves Major Mystery by Reviewing Old Surveillance. Dine Ability: http://dineability.com/busy-nyc-restaurant-solves-major-mystery-reviewing-old-surveillance (http://dineability.com/busy-nyc-restaurant-solves-major-mystery-reviewing-old-surveillance). ( : 22  2014.)




11


Thompson, C. (2007, September 25), 'Your Outboard Brain Knows All'.  Wired: http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_thompson (http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_thompson). ( : 9 2014.)




12


American Academy of Pediatrics (2013), 'Children, Adolescents, and the Media', Pediatrics, 132(5) (pp. 9589). http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.20132656.full.pdf+html (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/10/24/peds.2013%E2%80%932656.full.pdf+html). ( : 7 2014.)




13


Turkle, S. (2012, February), 'Connected, but Alone?' TED: http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together (http://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_alone_together). ( : 21  2014.)




14


Brooks, D. (2007, October 26), 'The Outsourced Brain'. The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/opinion/26brooks.html (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/26/opinion/26brooks.html). ( : 17  2014.)




15


Turk, G. (2014, April 25), 'Look Up'. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7dLU6fk9QY (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7dLU6fk9QY). ( : 7 2014.)




16


Carr, N.G. (2010), The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains (p. 162). New York: WW. Norton.




17


'The Personal News Cycle' (2014, March). The Media Insight Project, American Press Institute: http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf (http://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The_Media_Insight_Project_The_Personal_News_Cycle_Final.pdf). ( : 5 2014.)




18


Voyer, D. (2014, April 9), April 29, 2014 Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds.    : http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx (http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades.aspx). ( : 22  2014.).  . Voyer, D. and Voyer, S.D. (2014), 'Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis', Psychological Bulletin, 140(4). http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf (http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf). ( : 22  2014.)




19


Cribb, R. (2011, November 25), 'The Grim Evidence That Men Have Fallen Behind Women' Toronto Star: http://www.thestar.com/life/2011/ll/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.html (http://www.thestar.com/life/2011/ll/25/rob_cribb_the_grim_evidence_that_men_have_fallen_behind_women.html). ( : 26  2011.)




20


Salahu-Din, D., Persky, H., and Miller, J. (2008), The Nation's Report Card: Writing 2007 (p. 68).            (NCES 2008-468): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf). ( : 11  2011.). And Lee, J., Grigg, W, and Donahue, P. (2007), The Nation's Report Card: Reading 2007 (p. 64).            (NCES 2007-496): http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2007496.pdf). ( : 11  2011.)




21


Strauss, V. (2011, September 14), 'What the Decline in SAT Scores Really Means'. he Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/what-the-decline-in-sat-scores-really-means/2011/09/14/gIQAdUzdSK_blog.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/what-the-decline-in-sat-scores-really-means/2011/09/14/gIQAdUzdSK_blog.html). ( : 8 2011.) nd Steinberg, K. (2011, September 14), 43% of 2011 College-Bound Seniors Met SAT College and Career Readiness Benchmark'. The College Board: http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_201l_nat_release_091411.pdf (http://media.collegeboard.com/pdf/cbs_201l_nat_release_091411.pdf). ( : 8 2011.)




22


Stern, P. (Director) (2006), Raising Cain: Boys in Focus [documentary]. United States: PBS Films.




23


Equity and Quality in Education: Supporting Disadvantaged Students and Schools (p. 22) (2012). : http://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf (http://www.oecd.org/education/school/50293148.pdf). ( : 8 2014.)




24


PISA 2009 at a Glance (p. 22) (2010). : http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/981()131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname-guest&checksum=BDB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C (http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/981()131ec008.pdf?expires=1402278232&id=id&accname-guest&checksum=BDB231357DFDA0AEA929A60B339F737C). ( : 8 2014.)




25


United Kingdom (n.d.). OECD Better Life Index: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom (http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom). ( : 23  2014.)




26


Sommers, C.H. (2013), The War Against Boys: How Misguided Policies Are Harming Our Young Men (p. 14). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.




27


Planty, M., et al. (2007, June), The Condition of Education 2007 (NCES 2007-064).           : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2007/2007064.pdf). ( : 5 2014.)




28


Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (n.d.). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html (http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html). ( : 8 2014.)




29


:      , (NCES)  20082009.  ,    ,   22% ,   .    ,     ,     ,  13%, 蠖 30%.

.: Chapman, C, Laird, J., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2010, December), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722008 (NCES 2011-012) (p. 24).           : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf). ( : 5 2014.). nd Chapman, C, Laird, N., Ifill, N., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2011, October), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722009 (IES 2012-006) (p. 22).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012006.pdf). ( : 5 2014.)

:     ,  ,  5:2.

.: Richards, J. (2011, January 6), 'School Dropouts: Who Are They and What Can Be Done?' (p. 1).  : C.D. Howe Institute: http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf (http://www.cdhowe.org/pdf/ebrief_109.pdf). ( : 26  2011.)




30


Chapman, C, Laird, J., and Kewal Ramani, A. (2010, December), Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: 19722008 (NCES 2011-012) (p. 1).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2011/2011012.pdf). ( : 2014.)




31


America's Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household Composition: Results From a Longitudinal Survey Summary (2014, March 26). Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (USDL-14-0491): http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm (http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm). ( : 7 2014.)




32


Hussar, WJ. and Bailey, T.M. (2013, January), Projections of Education Statistics to 2021 (NCES 2013-008) (pp. 757).          : http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013Z2013008.pdf (http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013Z2013008.pdf). ( : 9 2014.)




33


Frenette, M. and Zeman, K. (2008, December 1), Why Are Most University Students Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences. Statistics Canada: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/l0561-eng.html (http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2008001/article/l0561-eng.html). ( : 22  2014.) nd Maslen, G. (2013, November 25), 'Degrees of Separation: More Women Enrolling at Universities'. The Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/degrees-of-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html (http://www.smh.com.au/national/education/degrees-of-separation-more-women-enrolling-at-universities-20131124-2y46e.html). ( : 22  2014.)




34


Griffiths, S. (2013, August 18), 'Girls Crowd the Campus as Boys Lose Taste for Uni. The Sunday Times: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/articlel302079.ece (http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/Education/articlel302079.ece). ( : 20  2014.)




35


Kirkup, J. (2014, January 31), 'Boys being Left Behind as University Gender Gap Widens'. The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gap-widens.html (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/10608739/Boys-being-left-behind-as-university-gender-gap-widens.html). ( : 10  2014.)




36


Degrees Conferred by Sex and Race (2012).          : http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72 (http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72). ( : 5 2014.)




37


Symonds, W.C., Schwartz, R.B., and Ferguson, R. (2011, February), 'Pathways to Prosperity: Meeting the Challenge of Preparing Young Americans for the 21st Century' (pp. 45). Report issued by the Pathways to Prosperity Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb201.pdf (http://www.gse.harvard.edu/news_events/features/2011/Pathways_to_Prosperity_Feb201.pdf). ( : 30  2014.)




38


United Kingdom (n.d.). OECD Better Life Index: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom (http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-kingdom). ( : 23 , 2014.)




39


Labour Force Statistics by Sex and Age Indicators (n.d.). : http://stats.oecd.org (http://stats.oecd.org/). ( : 12  2014.)




40


Coombes, A. (2009, July 16), 'Men Suffer Brunt of Job Losses in Recession. The Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203577304574272570149153010 (http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203577304574272570149153010). ( : 10  2014.)




41


Hartmann, H., Shaw, E., and Pandya, E. (2013, November), Women and Men in the Recovery: Where the Jobs Are (p. 12).      (): www.iwpr.org (http://www.iwpr.org/). ( : 17  2014.)




42


Carducci, ., personal communication, December 4, 2014.




43


 .




44


Loewe, R and Lerner, A.J., A Hymn to Him' [     1956.   Sony BMG Music Entertainment] (n.d.). ST Lyrics: http://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/myfairlady/ahymntohim.htm (http://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/myfairlady/ahymntohim.htm). ( : 21  2012.)




45


'Pornhub Traffic Change During Super Bowl XLVIir (2014, February 4). PornHub: http://www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-super-bowl (http://www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-super-bowl). ( : 12  2014.)




46


'Frequently Asked Questions' (n.d.). BroApp: http://broapp.net/faq.html (http://broapp.net/faq.html). ( : 12  2014.)




47


Martin, A. (2011, January 14), 'Young Men, Couples Shunning Sex'. The Japan Times: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/14/national/young-men-couplesshunning-sex/#.U27MwV6jUwI (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/14/national/young-men-couplesshunning-sex/#.U27MwV6jUwI). ( : 14  2011.)




48


The U.S. Digital Consumer Report (2014, February 10). Neilsen: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2014/the-us-digital-consumer-report.html (http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2014/the-us-digital-consumer-report.html). ( : 28  2014.)




49


McGonigal, J. (2011), Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change The World (Inside cover, pp. 4, 6). New York, NY: Penguin Press.


