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         .   ,            : , , .       .       ,        .    ,     ,        .      ..    (-  ).    19  1758.  ,    -   ,   ,    ,        ,     ,         20  ( . ..);  ,       ,     -  . ,       ,    -   , []      4    -[214 -    . 1. . 135.].

      .   -[215 -     ,   ,   ,   .],      (               ):  [] ,    ,           ( . ..), ,                       ,                  [216 -    . 1. . 135.].    ,     ,      -                 .


  

          ,         ,     ,          .

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   (   )   1755.,     (,    ,      )   16  1756.,     [218 -         - ,   -           (   ).].      ,   ..   .. ,      [219 -  ,        ,         .] (  )  ,          ,       [220 -     , 12  1755. 7 //  ..   . . 2. .160161.    .:     . URL: http://www.hist.msu.ru/Science/Ustavi/U1755.htm (  4.11.2012).].      ,  ,   -,       (  )[221 -    . 2. . 117.],      [222 -     .        ,    1757.  ()        . .:    . 1. . 36.].

      .      (8)       ()    .      ,     ,   :        ,        ( . ..)  [223 -  .. . . . 153.].      .

      ,  ,  ,    .           - . ,   ,      ,      (..   )    ,        (   ,      )[224 -      .:  .. . . .5456. . :  ..    . .: , 1977. .112113.].       .  ,       ,      .    ..   ,         [225 -  .. . .].

,     ,    ,       .          (    ,    [] ,   ),     .       ,    ,  ,  ,    .       (    ,     ;             ,         ).   ,     (  )   (,   ).   (  )        ,          ,     .

             :     , ..  , ,  ,       ,   ,               [226 -  .    //  .   :   ,   . .: , 2002. . 290.].       ,            :            [227 -  .   :    . .; .:  , 2001;              //          (- ): . . . / . .. , .. . .: -     , 2008.].

 , ,  ,       ,      .         (      ).         ,            (    )  ,      .


  

          .      ..        [228 -        XVIII. .:  .. ..    :    (  ) //  : . . 8.    (17271797):     :  275-  . .: .-.   , 1998;  .  :      //   .  8. . 2011. 4. .2628.].        ,     .            [229 -  ,      .. ,      ;            ,          .].                 ,      [230 -  , ,  ,                  .      22  1757.,   . .:    . 1. . 60, 309.].          [231 - ., ,     2  1759.:  . . 154.],      .            , , ,       .

            .  ,    ,    .            ,       [232 - :     :  1   1    ,      3    .. .:  . . 107.   :  ,        ,    .            ,          .         .:  . .107108.].       ,   ,           .. .  , ,        [233 -   , ,  ,             :   ,     ,    . .:         ..   // . 1858. . 8. . 70, 72.],   (    ),       ,     .

     :        []   ,      .           ,     ,     [234 -    . 1. . 311.].     ,      ,        :      ,       [235 -  ..     . . 25. . 13. 17621765. . 3:     II : 1763  [ ]. URL: http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/history/solov/solv25p3.htm (  7.11.2012).].                   .

   ,         ,    .           ,   ,       .        ,                  .   ,        [236 -  ..   . 270.].


 

        XVIII.    .            -   (     XVIII.  )[237 -        1725  1803. . 1. .: . .  , 1897; . 2. .: . .  , 1899.].        ,     .

  ,             .  1756.  13  . 14       .        .. .      ,   , [ ]     ,       [238 -    . 1. . 24.].

          1756.,       :         .    16     ,         [ ] ,             ,   []  ,     [ ],  ,      ,    ,         [239 -  . . 1. . 27.     .].

        .                (     []      [240 -  . . 27, 28.   .])          [241 -  . . 30, 33.].  1757.   [242 -     .] (          ).    1758.  :       .  ,          .     .. [243 -      :     ,    ,              - (.:  . . 109). ,   ,     ,   .]             .       ,     .

 1757.     .. [244 -     . ..             ( 17571763.).            .         -,        .  (  .. )         .],      .   20  1758. : []      ,          ,         [245 -    . 1. . 111.].          .         [246 -  . . 112, 115  ..], ,     . (,    :         ,     ,         ,          [247 -    . 154.].)

           ,   .       . ,      (     -  ).     ,       . ,                  :     []     6     [248 -  . . 119.];    ,       ,       [249 -  . . 113.];      ,    []    ,   [250 -  . . 143.].

         [251 -   (. 1765):     1757. ,  1759.     ,    .    1759  1764. .],     ,          (:    5  [] ,  []   ,         [252 -    . 1. . 275.]).  1765.     : :;  , ; ()   ;  ,    ,  - 녻;   ( );   ( )[253 -  . . 3. . 356, 359, 362  ..]. ,   ,            .


 

,   ( 1759.)     ,        .  ..   ..  (  1760.     [254 - -,        ..  (      ).      ,           II      .])     .  ..        .   , , ,       ,    .                .              - .        ,       .. [255 -  ..    :    . : - . -, 2003. .8086;  ..  ..    :   //       XVIIIXX  / . . .. . .: , 2010. .81101.].

  ,   -  ,      .              [256 -         . .:    . 2. . 20.].          ,          [257 -  . . 39.].

,            ,     .       .      .      ,      ,   (   ),    ,   [] ,       [258 -    . 117.].

  (17651766)                  :      , :        !    !     ,   !     !.      ,       .   :         ,    ,         ,   [259 -  . . 310.].

           ,       1764.          (30       ).      ,       (    ,              ).   ,  -             .  ,        [260 -     .:  ..,  ..  . .: , 1996. .111115.   ,        21          .].

 ,   ,          . ,    (    )      .               [261 - Certeau M. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.].                 .    ,        .     ,      .

,  :   XVIII.        .          ,          ,  ,    .        ,        .                 XVIII .

 ,                                 .                 ,         ,    ,      ,    ,           .




.. , .. 

  :    XIXXX.[262 -      ,          :    ,          2012.]


                    .  ,           . ,    XVIII    XIX.         ,       XIX     .        XX.    ,              ,        ,       ,    .           ,   ,   ,                   .

         ,     ,        ,                .     , , ,                        .    1917.                   .            .              XX.,     .


  

  ,       ,           .  1899.    2,5  ,   1914.         4,5 [263 -  ..      IX    . .:   , -  , 1991. . 208.].   ,   ,    .       :  1913.         120  ,    I .   1917.        150  [264 -  . .319320.].

           [265 -     IX         ,       .]   ,       - ,    ,    - .   ,     (  ,  ,  ,   ; 1914.   87%    [266 -  ..    :   . .: , 1967. . 200.]),    .

    ,          ,      .   1884.     (25 )    VIV ( ) .       (III ). ,    1898.,   -     .  ,  ,    ,  .. , .. , .. , .. .          ,      .  1906.      :             [267 -  ..           : 19061917. : - . -, 2002.].

     19      [268 -  936  .],   XX.      ,  ,       .               - .        , , , .. ,      , - .. .. ,     .. .. ,  .. ,   .. .   ,              .

                .          ,        .            .         ,          .      -    ,          ,    .

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             -   .      ,        [272 -     :        , ..        .  1900.   184,     19; 1913. 465  33 . .:  ..     : VIII   1917 . .:  , 1994. . 81.              . ,        ,    , -,   .],    .  1896.   28  91,  1902.    218,  1915. 111  245[273 -  ..    . 21.].              ..  :            .    ,    ,      .       ,          .               [274 -         . . IV. .: . . , 1903. .132133.].         1917.

            .  18861899.    358 ,      19001913. 447[275 -  ..,  .. -       ,      -   (17941917.): . . .: .-. . -, 1995. .148203 ( . .., ..).].      ,     .    .   :   18861899.    1108  ,   19001913.  754[276 -  .].     ,    .  1900.   62,  1913-  123[277 -  ..    . 208.].

                  .  ,    ,       ,  ,    .      -  15  ,   ,  8  ,     ,  2,5  ,   [278 -  ..      //     . 1987. 3. . 7.].

 1909. ..      :     25             ,       ,   ,     .              ,       .                       [279 -  ..   //  ..  . .: , 1995. .176177.].

         .       .    ,     , ,    ,  -      .        ,  .. ,    ,     ,  ,     ,             [280 -  . . 176.].


  

        :      ,        ,       [281 -  .. . . .: -  , 1963. . 339.] (     .. ).            .

          .      1880-1900- .    ,       .   ,     ,   :          ,   ;     ,    .            .   .        .

             .           [282 -  ..      XIX   XX . .:  , 2008. . 94.].      ,     .

,  ,      80-  IX. ..       - .. :             chef doeuvreo. - ,      ,      :     ,      ,   .    ..    ,     ,       ,     .         ,      -       ,       [283 -  ..  : (  ) //     . .: , 1989. . 549.].

            ..    .. : ..   .        ,         ,       ,    .     ,   ,   .     ,    ,     ,   [284 -  ..  . .: , 1971. . 52.].

           ,     - ,   - ,       .        .. .   ,         18841890. .. .  -   ,             ,      -[285 -  ..    :  18811914. .: , 1996. . 47.].

 ..     -,          .   1901.    ..  :        .         .      ,             ,   ,     ,     ,     ,      .  , ,    .         [286 -  .[.]  . -: - . , 1954. .5253.].

 , ,      ,         . , ,    ,      (.. , .. ),       ,    [287 -  .. . . . 95.].

      ,      .            ..  ()  ..  ( )              . , , , ,          ,            ,    ,        .              (   ,      -).

..    ,       :            .    :   ,   -   ,  ,     , , ,           ,  ,  ,   ,    ,        [288 -  .. . . .539540.]. ( ,  1899.         ,      .)

..     ,    ,        ,          ,        [289 -  . . 540.].  ..            .   ,       ,     ,        [290 - . :  .. . . .107108.],          ,         .

   ,         .   , , ,   ..       .           ,      .   ,   .. ,   ,    -,    [291 -  .. ..    - . .: , 1952. . 22.].  - ..           ,          ,   ,    [292 -    . .: [..], 1908. . 14.].

            .        -   ..   ..  (    ).      -   , , ,    -   ,    .    . -       -    ,      -    .

     .        - .                   .     1903.        ..  -    .     139 .

      1907  1912. ,     -  .. .     ,       :    ..   - .. ,      .. ,       .. ,    .. .     - .        ( ,  ,   ),   ,    ,  .

  -        .   .      ,   ,   ,          ,        .           - ,   -, ,         .     - ..               ,    [293 - . . 63. 1909/1910. . 26. . III. . II. . 1.].

   ,       ,           ,   -      .


  

             :        XVIII     XIX.,  .. ,        :      ,    ,        ,          , , [294 -  ..      . .: , 1988 [ ]. URL: http://bookz.ru/authors/vernadskii-vladimir/hist-rus/1-hist-rus.html (  3.11.2012).].

   ,     ,      ,     -  ,         .            XIX.             .

           ,         XIX.         . ,   1870-    1890-           ..     -   .. .      18871895.    .    :  ..  (18981901), - ..  (19031905),  ..  (19101914).  ,   1882.,  - .. ,      .     (1893). ..            (19091917),      .        ,           ,       [295 -  ..       //      /  . . .. . .:  , 2002. .186187.].

              . ,       ..         - .. , ..   .. [296 -  .. -      IX    : -  //  . 1990. 5. . 61.].        ..     .         ..               .       ..         [297 -  ..     :  . . . ., 1998.].        .

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       ,         .       ,   ,        .

..                ,     .             ,     ,     .

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